{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:55:26Z","timestamp":1773420926557,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work investigates the geometric design and optimisation of a dynamic inductive power transfer coupler for two-wheeled electric vehicles under misalignment and magnetic-field exposure constraints. A computational three-dimensional finite-element model of a shielded rectangular coupler is developed to characterise coupling coefficients and magnetic flux density levels on control planes along the longitudinal travel range and under lateral and angular misalignments. Two simulation datasets are generated: one varying only geometric parameters at a nominal position for surrogate construction and global sensitivity analysis, and a second jointly sampling geometry, the travel range and misalignments for optimisation. Sparse Polynomial Chaos Expansions and Canonical Low-Rank Approximation surrogates are built to quantify Sobol\u2019 indices, revealing that a small subset of primary-side geometric variables dominates both coupling efficiency and magnetic field levels. Random forest regressors are then trained on the extended dataset and embedded in the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II to solve a multi-objective optimisation problem that maximises worst-case coupling, improves robustness to misalignment, and enforces magnetic-field leakage limits. Optimal designs were obtained, and a subset was selected for re-evaluation using the finite-element method. The results confirm that the proposed surrogate-assisted framework yields coupler geometries with enhanced coupling and reduced magnetic field leakage while respecting the mechanical constraints for the electric motorcycle system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en19061456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:06:22Z","timestamp":1773414382000},"page":"1456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sensitivity Analysis and Design of Dynamic Inductive Power Transfer Coil Geometries for Two-Wheeled Electric Vehicles Under Misalignments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7329-2511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes\u2013Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5547-5204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. M. Monteiro","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes\u2013Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"SUScita\u2014Research Group on Sustainability, Cities and Urban Intelligence, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC Coimbra\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores de Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0966-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelino J. C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes\u2013Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"SUScita\u2014Research Group on Sustainability, Cities and Urban Intelligence, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC Coimbra\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores de Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zio, E. (2013). Monte Carlo Simulation: The Method. The Monte Carlo Simulation Method for System Reliability and Risk Analysis, Springer. 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