{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:26:47Z","timestamp":1767374807799,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]],"date-time":"2010-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Offshore and coastal wind power is one of the fastest growing industries in many areas, especially those with shallow coastal regions due to the preferable generation conditions available in the regions. As with any expanding industry, there are concerns regarding the potential environmental effects which may be caused by the installation of the offshore wind turbines and their associated infrastructure, including substations and subsea cables. These include the potential impacts on the biological, physical and human environments. This review discusses in detail the potential impacts arising from offshore wind farm construction, and how these may be quantified and addressed through the use of conceptual models. It concludes that while not environmentally benign, the environmental impacts are minor and can be mitigated through good siting practices. In addition, it suggests that there are opportunities for environmental benefits through habitat creation and conservation protection areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en3071383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,21]],"date-time":"2010-07-21T02:19:50Z","timestamp":1279678790000},"page":"1383-1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Coastal and Offshore Wind Energy Generation: Is It Environmentally Benign?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK"},{"name":"Amec, Booths Park, Chelford Road, Knutsford, Cheshire, WA16 8QZ, UK"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK"}]},{"given":"Nick D.","family":"Cutts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Mander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Mend\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK"},{"name":"Projecto Delfim, Centro Portugu\u00eas de Estudo dos Mam\u00edferos Marinhos, Rua Alto do Duque, 45, 1400-009 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Perez-Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Phelps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00516.x","article-title":"Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds","volume":"148","author":"Drewitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"IBIS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLusky, D.S., and Elliott, M. 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