{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:33:19Z","timestamp":1761708799230,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,17]],"date-time":"2012-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1342483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper is concerned with the protection of wind energy systems against the direct effects of lightning. As wind power generation undergoes rapid growth, lightning damages involving wind turbines have come to be regarded as a serious problem. Nevertheless, very few studies exist yet in Portugal regarding lightning protection of wind energy systems using numerical codes. A new case study is presented in this paper, based on a wind turbine with an interconnecting transformer, for the analysis of transient phenomena due to a direct lightning strike to the blade. Comprehensive simulation results are provided by using models of the Restructured Version of the Electro-Magnetic Transients Program (EMTP), and conclusions are duly drawn.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en5072545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,17]],"date-time":"2012-07-17T12:25:04Z","timestamp":1342527904000},"page":"2545-2558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Analysis of Transient Phenomena Due to a Direct Lightning Strike on a Wind Energy System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Rafael B.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Superior Institute of Lisbon, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, Lisbon 1950-062, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Victor M. F.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Superior Institute of Lisbon, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, Lisbon 1950-062, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. S.","family":"Catal\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Beira Interior, R. Fonte do Lameiro, Covilha 6201-001, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovation in Electrical and Energy Engineering, Technical Superior Institute, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.3390\/en4081148","article-title":"Analysis of wind generator operations under unbalanced voltage dips in the light of the Spanish grid code","volume":"4","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.3390\/en4112002","article-title":"An integrated multi-criteria decision making model for evaluating wind farm performance","volume":"4","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3390\/en4040644","article-title":"A review of current issues in state-of-art of wind farm overvoltage protection","volume":"4","author":"Sarajcev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2002). Wind Turbine Generator Systems\u2014Part 24: Lightning Protection, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Technical Report IEC TR 61400-24."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2007.896443","article-title":"A review of current issues in lightning protection of new-generation wind turbine blades","volume":"55","author":"Rachidi","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/eej.20364","article-title":"Analysis of lightning surge propagation in wind farm","volume":"162","author":"Yasuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electr. Eng. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2011.04.011","article-title":"Protection of wind energy systems against the indirect effects of lightning","volume":"36","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2011","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/we.44","article-title":"Lightning protection for wind turbine blades and bearings","volume":"4","author":"Cotton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorensen, T., Jensen, F.V., Raben, N., Lykkegaard, J., and Saxov, J. (2001, January 18\u201321). Lightning Protection for Offshore Wind Turbines. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:20010840"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elstat.2004.01.003","article-title":"Considerations about the lightning protection system of mains independent renewable energy hybrid-systems\u2014practical experiences","volume":"60","author":"Kern","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electrost."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paolone, M., Napolitano, F., Borghetti, A., Nucci, C.A., Marzinotto, M., Fiamingo, F., Mazzetti, C., and Dellago, H. (2007, January 1\u20135). Models of Wind-Turbine Main Shaft Bearings for the Development of Specific Lightning Protection Systems. Proceedings of the Power Tech 2007 Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/PCT.2007.4538415"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2007.905361","article-title":"Surge analysis on wind farm when winter lightning strikes","volume":"23","author":"Yasuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Yasuda, Y., and Funabashi, T. (2004, January 8). Transient Analysis on Wind Farm Suffered from Lightning. Proceedings of the 39th International Universities Power Engineering Conference, Bristol, UK."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2006.881410","article-title":"A scale model for the study of the LEMP response of complex power distribution networks","volume":"22","author":"Piantini","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2008.09.002","article-title":"Experimental and analytical studies of lightning overvoltages in wind turbine generator systems","volume":"79","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Mahseredjian, J., and Dewhurst, C. (2008). Using EMTP Tutorials and Reference, Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec\/IREQ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2009.2037325","article-title":"Lightning data observed with lightning location system in Portugal","volume":"25","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1108\/03321640910929272","article-title":"An efficient algorithm of transient responses on wind turbine towers struck by lightning","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"COMPEL Int. J. Comp. Math. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/we.382","article-title":"Calculation of electromagnetic induction inside a wind turbine tower struck by lightning","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2009.2027511","article-title":"Time- and frequency-dependent lightning surge characteristics of grounding electrodes","volume":"24","author":"Grcev","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2010.01.019","article-title":"Surge arresters\u2019 circuit models review and their application to a Hellenic 150 kV transmission line","volume":"18","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2007.03.015","article-title":"Evaluation of surge-transferred overvoltages in distribution transformers","volume":"78","author":"Popov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Martinez-Velasco, J.A. (2010). Power System Transients: Parameter Determination, CRC Press."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/5\/7\/2545\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:51:19Z","timestamp":1760219479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/5\/7\/2545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["en5072545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en5072545","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1073"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,17]]}}}