{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:23:01Z","timestamp":1774952581523,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,18]],"date-time":"2016-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The renewable energy-based distributed generation (DG) implementation in power systems has been an active research area during the last few decades due to several environmental, economic and political factors. Although the integration of DG offers many advantages, several concerns, including protection schemes in systems with the possibility of bi-directional power flow, are raised. Thus, new protection schemes are strongly required in power systems with a significant presence of DG. In this study, an adaptive protection strategy for a distribution system with DG integration is proposed. The proposed strategy considers both grid-connected and islanded operating modes, while the adaptive operation of the protection is dynamically realized considering the availability of DG power production (related to faults or meteorological conditions) in each time step. Besides, the modular structure and fast response of the proposed strategy is validated via simulations conducted on the IEEE 13-node test system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en9050378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,18]],"date-time":"2016-05-18T10:10:24Z","timestamp":1463566224000},"page":"378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Adaptive Protection Scheme for a Distribution System Considering Grid-Connected and Islanded Modes of Operation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yavuz","family":"Ates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electric-Electronics, Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Boynuegri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electric-Electronics, Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Uzunoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electric-Electronics, Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Nadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marmara Research Center, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Energy Institute, Ankara Branch 06800, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Recep","family":"Yumurtac\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electric-Electronics, Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Ozan","family":"Erdinc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electric-Electronics, Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"},{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Paterakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU\/e), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Catal\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Tecnologia e Ci\u00eancia (INESC-TEC) and Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal"},{"name":"The Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST), University of Beira Interior, R. Fonte do Lameiro, Covilh\u00e3 6201-001, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Mi, C., Wang, T., Wu, J., and Wang, Z.P. (2011, January 24\u201329). An Adaptive Protection Scheme for Distributed Systems with Distributed Generation. Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2011.6039832"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, H.L., and Scott, W.G. (2000). Distributed Power Generation Planning and Evaluation, Marcel Dekker.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16836"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2009.02.006","article-title":"Development of SuperSmart Grids for a More Efficient Utilisation of Electricity from Renewable Sources","volume":"17","author":"Battaglini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clean. 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