{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:27:23Z","timestamp":1777372043756,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Encyclopedia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>What are algae? Algae are organisms that perform photosynthesis; that is, they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen (therefore they have chlorophyll, a group of green pigments used by photosynthetic organisms that convert sunlight into energy via photosynthesis) and live in water or in humid places. Algae have great variability and are divided into microalgae, small in size and only visible through a microscope, and macroalgae, which are larger in size, up to more than 50 m (the maximum recorded was 65 m), and have a greater diversity in the oceans. Thus, the term \u201calgae\u201d is commonly used to refer to \u201cmarine macroalgae or seaweeds\u201d. It is estimated that 1800 different brown macroalgae, 6200 red macroalgae, and 1800 green macroalgae are found in the marine environment. Although the red algae are more diverse, the brown ones are the largest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia1010017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1612817511000},"page":"177-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Macroalgae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, L. (2009). Guia Ilustrado das Macroalgas\u2014Conhecer e Reconhecer Algumas Esp\u00e9cies da Flora Portuguesa, Coimbra University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.14195\/978-989-26-0397-1"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gaspar, R., Fonseca, R., and Pereira, L. (2020). Illustrated Guide to the Macroalgae of Buarcos Bay, Figueira da Foz, Portugal, MARE UC, DCV, FCT. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Pereira, L., and Correia, F. (2015). Algas Marinhas da Costa Portuguesa\u2014Ecologia, Biodiversidade e Utiliza\u00e7\u00f5es, Nota de Rodap\u00e9 Editores. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fredericq, S., and Schmidt, W.E. (2016). Red Algae. eLS, 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470015902.a0000335.pub2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x","article-title":"The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists","volume":"52","author":"Adl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Cole, K.M., and Sheath, R.G. (2011). 1990. An introduction. Biology of the Red Algae, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.57.3.725-749.1993","article-title":"The phycobilisome, a light-harvesting complex responsive to environmental-conditions","volume":"57","author":"Grossman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heimann, K., and Katsaros, C. (2012). 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Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, L. (2018). Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315152844"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/211341a0","article-title":"A glimpse of Aztec food technology","volume":"211","author":"Farrar","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, L. (2016). Edible Seaweeds of the World, CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/b19970"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, L., Bahcevandziev, K., and Joshi, N.H. (2019). Seaweeds as Plant Fertilizer, Agricultural Biostimulants and Animal Fodder, CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429487156"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotas, J., Leandro, A., Pacheco, D., Gon\u00e7alves, A.M.M., and Pereira, L. (2020). 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Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71064-8"}],"container-title":["Encyclopedia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-8392\/1\/1\/17\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:20:44Z","timestamp":1760160044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-8392\/1\/1\/17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["encyclopedia1010017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/encyclopedia1010017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-8392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-8392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]}}}