{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T04:42:29Z","timestamp":1774672949613,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["793965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["793965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Encyclopedia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lichens have long been considered as composite organisms composed of algae and\/or cyanobacteria hosted by a fungus in a mutualistic relationship. Other organisms have been gradually discovered within the lichen thalli, such as multiple algal species, yeasts, or even viruses. Of pivotal relevance is the existence of the lichen microbiome, which is a community of microorganisms that can be found living together on the lichen surface. This community performs a growing number of functions. In this entry, we explore the journey of lichens being considered from a dual partnership to a multi-species symbiotic relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia2030096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T20:52:01Z","timestamp":1659559921000},"page":"1421-1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Lichen as Multipartner Symbiotic Relationships"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9544-1188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Morillas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41080 Seville, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2110-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Roales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas F\u00edsicos, Qu\u00edmicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3100-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0071-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvana","family":"Munzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Interuniversit\u00e1rio de Hist\u00f3ria das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0580-9517(08)70172-7","article-title":"Characterization of Ectomycorrhiza","volume":"23","author":"Agerer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Methods Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020246715436","article-title":"Recent developments in the study of orchid mycorrhiza","volume":"244","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"549","article-title":"Observations on three algicolous microfungi","volume":"44","author":"Hawksworth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Notes R. 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