{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T20:37:13Z","timestamp":1770496633148,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Encyclopedia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This encyclopedia entry provides an updated appreciation of the evolution of morphing aircraft wings, organized as follows: first, lift concepts are briefly examined; second, patents related to lift enhancement are discussed, showcasing existing technology and its evolution; finally, several technologies for morphing wings and the role of UAVs as testbeds for many innovative concepts are highlighted. The background of morphing wings is presented through a recap of lift concepts and the presentation of representative patents that describe the evolution of leading-edge and trailing-edge devices, such as flaps, slats, spoilers, and control surfaces. Although these topics are not usually detailed in reviews of morphing wings, they are deemed relevant for this encyclopedia entry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia5030101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T08:04:41Z","timestamp":1752566681000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Aircraft Wings and Morphing\u2013Evolution of the Concepts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0054-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio M. O.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UID Centro de Tecnologia Mec\u00e2nica e Automa\u00e7\u00e3o (TEMA), Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7814-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro V.","family":"Gamboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3202-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo M. S. T.","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X11417652","article-title":"Aero-structural design optimization of a morphing wingtip","volume":"22","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, R.K. (2012). Review of technologies to achieve sustainable (green) aviation. Recent Advances in Aircraft Technology, InTech. Chapter 19.","DOI":"10.5772\/2406"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadraey, M.H. (2012). Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118352700"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blockley, R., and Shyy, W. (2010). 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