{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T18:31:39Z","timestamp":1772908299433,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["2022.11335.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11335.BD"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies by FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["2022.11335.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11335.BD"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies by FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies by FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies by FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing e-waste volumes represent a great challenge in the current waste management landscape, primarily due to the massive production and turnover of electronic devices and the complexity of their components and constituents. Traditional strategies for e-waste treatment focus on metal recovery through costly, energetically intensive, and environmentally hazardous processes, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical approaches, often neglecting other e-waste constituents. As efforts are directed towards creating a more sustainable and circular economic model, biobased alternative approaches to these traditional techniques have been increasingly investigated. This critical review focuses on recent advances towards sustainable e-waste treatment, exclusively considering studies using e-waste sources. It addresses, from a critical perspective, approaches using inactive biomass, live biomass, and biogenic compounds, showcasing the diversity of strategies and discussing reaction parameters, advantages and disadvantages, challenges, and potential for valorization of generated by-products. While ongoing research focuses on optimizing operational times and metal recovery efficiencies, bioprocessing approaches still offer significant potential for metal recovery from e-waste. These approaches include lower environmental impact by reducing energy consumption and effluent treatments and the ability to recover metals from complex e-waste streams, paving the way for a more circular economy in the electronics industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments12010026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T04:55:19Z","timestamp":1737003319000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Biobased Strategies for E-Waste Metal Recovery: A Critical Overview of Recent Advances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5967-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo A.","family":"Ferreira-Filipe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando C.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3690-2957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Hursthouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Rocha-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1932-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L. Patr\u00edcio","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bald\u00e9, C.P., Kuehr, R., Yamamoto, T., McDonald, R., D\u2019Angelo, E., Althaf, S., Bel, G., Deubzer, O., Fernandez-Cubillo, E., and Forti, V. (2025, January 06). The Global E-Waste Monitor 2024; Report for International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR); Geneva and Bohn. Available online: https:\/\/ewastemonitor.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/GEM_2024_EN_11_NOV-web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2024, November 11). Global E-Waste\u2014Statistics & Facts. 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