{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T05:03:34Z","timestamp":1773119014315,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Alicante","award":["GRE23-06A, cE3c"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRE23-06A, cE3c"]}]},{"name":"University of Alicante","award":["IVAR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IVAR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Volcanoes, during their explosive and post-explosive phases, as well as through continuous degassing processes, release a range of pollutants hazardous to human health, including toxic gases, fine particulate matter, and heavy metals. These emissions impact over 14% of the global population living in proximity to volcanoes, with effects that can persist for days, decades, or even centuries. Living conditions in these regions often involve chronic exposure to contaminants in the air, water, and soil, significantly increasing the risk of developing neurological disorders. Prolonged exposure to elements such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd), among others, results in the accumulation of metals in the brain, which increases oxidative stress and causes neuronal damage and severe neurotoxicity in animals. An examination of metal accumulation in brain cells, particularly astroglia, provides valuable insights into the developmental neurotoxicity of these metals. Moreover, microglia may activate itself to protect from cytotoxicity. In this review, we consider the implications of living near an active volcano for neurotoxicity and the common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we encourage governments to implement public health strategies and mitigation measures to protect vulnerable communities residing near active volcanoes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments12020049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T07:41:44Z","timestamp":1738654904000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Living Under the Volcano: Effects on the Nervous System and Human Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alicia","family":"Navarro-Sempere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8062-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Cobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Camarinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"IVAR, Institute of Volcanology and Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4490-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute\/Azorean Biodiversity Group (cE3c-ABG), University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9851-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armindo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"IVAR, Institute of Volcanology and Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6823-4781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Segovia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoika, R.S. 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