{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:11:38Z","timestamp":1760058698290,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAPESB\u2014Research Support Foundation of the State of Bahia, Brazil","award":["BOL0586\/2021","BOL0535\/2021","BOL0622\/2023","CNPq-309955\/2022-0","INCT MIDAS CNPq-465594\/2014-0","CAPES PDPG-88881.708195\/2022-01","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOL0586\/2021","BOL0535\/2021","BOL0622\/2023","CNPq-309955\/2022-0","INCT MIDAS CNPq-465594\/2014-0","CAPES PDPG-88881.708195\/2022-01","001"]}]},{"name":"The \u00c2nima Institute and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico-CNPq","award":["BOL0586\/2021","BOL0535\/2021","BOL0622\/2023","CNPq-309955\/2022-0","INCT MIDAS CNPq-465594\/2014-0","CAPES PDPG-88881.708195\/2022-01","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOL0586\/2021","BOL0535\/2021","BOL0622\/2023","CNPq-309955\/2022-0","INCT MIDAS CNPq-465594\/2014-0","CAPES PDPG-88881.708195\/2022-01","001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior-CAPES","award":["BOL0586\/2021","BOL0535\/2021","BOL0622\/2023","CNPq-309955\/2022-0","INCT MIDAS CNPq-465594\/2014-0","CAPES PDPG-88881.708195\/2022-01","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOL0586\/2021","BOL0535\/2021","BOL0622\/2023","CNPq-309955\/2022-0","INCT MIDAS CNPq-465594\/2014-0","CAPES PDPG-88881.708195\/2022-01","001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Desalination concentrate (DC) is a residue from desalination plants in semiarid regions, and it is promising for microalgae cultures. Its effects have been evaluated in a previsions study involving Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultures grown in a medium containing 100% DC, supplemented with 25% Zarrouk nutrients, and without reuse. In the present study, Spirulina sp. LEB 18 was cultivated in the recycled saline concentrate medium from the previous experiment over three consecutive cycles using raceways. The recycled DC achieved a maximum biomass production of 3.77 g\u00b7L\u22121, surpassing the control production (3.45 g\u00b7L\u22121), and demonstrated high resistance to elevated environmental temperatures, reaching 42.80 \u00b0C. Protein levels (\u226437%) containing all essential amino acids (~40% of total proteins) and fatty acids with relevant impacts on health were reached. Using up to three DC cycles for Spirulina sp. cultivation can contribute to the valorization of this residue and add viability to semiarid regions for biomass production with adequate nutritional composition for supplementation of humans and animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments12050134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T20:11:48Z","timestamp":1745352708000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recirculation of Saline Concentrate in Spirulina Cultivation: A Promising Strategy for High Production of Biomass and Biomolecules in Semiarid Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Saulo Nascimento","family":"Mata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Lucas Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Exact and Technological Sciences, Salvador University, Salvador 41720-200, BA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Priscilla Quenia Muniz","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of the S\u00e3o Francisco Valley, Petrolina 56304-917, PE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Bianca Bomfim","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, BA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Beatriz Prior Pinto","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4567-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3236-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravena Maria","family":"de Almeida Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, BA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2245-6055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia Hlavnicka","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115l, BA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jamila Sueira","family":"de Jesus Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, BA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jorge Alberto Vieira","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Denilson","family":"de Jesus Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Exact and Technological Sciences, Salvador University, Salvador 41720-200, BA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-2833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jania Bet\u00e2nia Alves","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Exact and Technological Sciences, Collegiate of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Rec\u00f4ncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8028-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina Oliveira de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115l, BA, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.N. 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