{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:47:20Z","timestamp":1767422840519,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT I.P.)","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD","UIDB\/04378\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD","UIDB\/04378\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO)","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD","UIDB\/04378\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD","UIDB\/04378\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2013i4HB","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD","UIDB\/04378\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD","UIDB\/04378\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extreme weather events, such as marine heatwaves (MHWs), pose serious threats to the aquaculture sector, facilitating the occurrence of disease outbreaks and compromising farmed animals\u2019 welfare and survival. Hence, finding eco-innovative strategies to improve animal immunocompetence is essential to assure aquaculture\u2019s sustainability and resilience in a rapidly changing ocean. This study evaluated the immunostimulatory potential of Laminaria digitata powder (0.3% and 1.5%) and extract (0.3%) in juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) exposed to a Vibrio harveyi outbreak during a Category III MHW event (T = 25.7 \u00b0C). Overall, L. digitata supplementation did not significantly affect fish immunocompetence under optimal rearing conditions (T = 21.4 \u00b0C; no infection), nor did it induce any adverse effects. However, both the powder (1.5%) and extract (0.3%) forms of L. digitata supplementation effectively mitigated the negative impacts prompted by the MHW and Vibrio harveyi infection\u2014evidenced by improvements in fish health indicators, hematological parameters, leukocyte viability, granulocyte proportions, and reductions in peroxidase activity and immunoglobulin M levels. From an economic standpoint, supplementation with 1.5% L. digitata powder emerged as the most promising strategy, offering a practical balance between effectiveness and affordability for large-scale applications. These findings highlight the potential of L. digitata as an immunostimulatory aquafeed supplement, with promising benefits for fish health and resilience under adverse rearing conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments12070226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1751277828000},"page":"226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Laminaria digitata Supplementation as a Climate-Smart Strategy to Counteract the Interactive Effects of Marine Heatwaves and Disease Outbreaks in Farmed Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5518-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isa","family":"Marmelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA DivAV\u2014Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Chainho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA DivAV\u2014Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1182-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bolotas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA DivAV\u2014Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Al\u00edcia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7289-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Busenur","family":"\u00d6zkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, AL4AnimalS\u2014Associate Laboratory for Animal and Science, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, P\u00f3lo Universit\u00e1rio, 1300-477 Alto da Ajuda, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0093-747X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA-EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Avenida Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8062-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris A. L.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Avenida Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florbela","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA-EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Avenida Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6746-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pous\u00e3o-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA-EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Avenida Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0301-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa F.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, ISEP\/IPP\u2014Polytechnic of Porto\u2014School of Engineering, Rua Doutor Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, ISEP\/IPP\u2014Polytechnic of Porto\u2014School of Engineering, Rua Doutor Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6660-426X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z\u00e9lia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5987-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula A.","family":"Videira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of 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Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6745-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA DivAV\u2014Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Maulvault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA DivAV\u2014Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied 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