{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T08:02:27Z","timestamp":1773216147365,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NextGeneration EU program","award":["C644866286-00000011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866286-00000011"]}]},{"name":"NextGeneration EU program","award":["BI\/UTAD\/41\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/UTAD\/41\/2025"]}]},{"name":"NextGeneration EU program","award":["BI\/UTAD\/17\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/UTAD\/17\/2025"]}]},{"name":"National Funds by FCT\u2013Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04033\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04033\/2025"]}]},{"name":"National Funds by FCT\u2013Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds by FCT\u2013Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2023. 01329.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023. 01329.BD"]}]},{"name":"National Funds by FCT\u2013Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PRT\/BD\/154380\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRT\/BD\/154380\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sustainable management of organic residues remains a major challenge in agriculture. Vermicomposting offers an environmentally friendly strategy to convert organic waste into nutrient-rich, biologically stable biofertilizers. This exploratory study evaluated the effects of vermicompost and its leachate, produced from sewage sludge and vineyard pruning residues, on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) germination and 25-day early seedling growth. Treatments included a control (peat and perlite, CNT), two vermicompost doses, 20 g kg\u22121 and 40 g kg\u22121 (VC_D1 and VC_D2, respectively) and a 5% (v\/v) vermicompost leachate (VC_L) applied as the sole irrigation source. Foliar nutrient contents and physicochemical properties of the substrate and leachate were determined. Germination was not significantly affected (p &gt; 0.05), but VC_D1 promoted slightly faster and more uniform seed emergence. Growth responses were dose dependent, with VC_D1 significantly enhancing shoot biomass (approximately 15% than the CNT and VC_D2) and providing a balanced foliar nutrient profile, whereas VC_D2 significantly reduced growth, promoted excessive foliar K and P, and lower Ca, Fe, and Mn contents. VC_L enhanced foliar N accumulation but did not significantly (p &gt; 0.05) increase biomass. Both vermicompost and its leachate were pathogen-free, with metal concentrations below regulatory limits. Overall, these findings suggest that, under the tested conditions, vermicomposting these residues can generate potentially safe amendments for cucumber seedling growth, though dose optimization is essential. This exploratory approach supports residue valorization and contributes to circular economy principles and sustainable agriculture goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments13010059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1769009506000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vermicompost and Leachate from Sewage Sludge and Vineyard Pruning Residues: An Exploratory Assessment of Cucumber Germination and Early Seedling Growth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elisabete","family":"Nascimento-Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3030-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2830-1783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henda","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2742-0622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virg\u00edlio","family":"Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4365-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3110-7153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Coimbra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6177-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Roboredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-4044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niculescu, V.-C., and Ionete, R.-E. (2023). An Overview on Management and Valorisation of Winery Wastes. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13085063"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento-Gon\u00e7alves, E., Azevedo, T., Lopes, H., Sousa, J.R., Oliveira, P.A., Roboredo, M., Coimbra, A.M., and Morais, M.C. (2024). Vermicomposting as a Valorization Solution to the Winery Sector By-Products. Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14061111"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03501-7","article-title":"Valorization of Winery and Distillery By-Products by Hydrothermal Carbonization","volume":"11","author":"Barbanera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues Machado, A., Atatoprak, T., Santos, J., Alexandre, E.M.C., Pintado, M.E., Paiva, J.A.P., and Nunes, J. (2023). Potentialities of the Extraction Technologies and Use of Bioactive Compounds from Winery By-Products: A Review from a Circular Bioeconomy Perspective. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13137754"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, R.P., Gando-Ferreira, L.M., and Quina, M.J. (2022). Increasing Value of Winery Residues through Integrated Biorefinery Processes: A Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27154709"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.230","article-title":"Integral Valorization of Vine Pruning Residue by Sequential Autohydrolysis Stages","volume":"168","author":"Jesus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Provenzano, M., Pacchera, F., Silvestri, C., and Ruggieri, A. (2024). From Vineyard to Value: A Circular Economy Approach to Viticulture Waste. Resources, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/resources13120172"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.10.338","article-title":"Performance and Recent Development in Sewage Sludge-to-Bioenergy Using Microbial Fuel Cells: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"50","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-025-01097-7","article-title":"Analysis of the Current State of Sewage Sludge Treatment from the Perspective of Current European Directives","volume":"37","author":"Salva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2019.104493","article-title":"Fertilization Effects of Compost Produced from Maize, Sewage Sludge and Biochar on Soil Water Retention and Chemical Properties","volume":"197","author":"Sadowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui, M.I., Rameez, H., Farooqi, I.H., and Basheer, F. (2023). Recent Advancement in Commercial and Other Sustainable Techniques for Energy and Material Recovery from Sewage Sludge. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15050948"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177020","article-title":"Sustainable Heavy Metal Removal from Sewage Sludge: A Review of Bioleaching and Other Emerging Technologies","volume":"955","author":"Molaey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grobelak, A., Ca\u0142us-Makowska, K., Jasi\u0144ska, A., Klimasz, M., Wypart-Pawul, A., Augustajtys, D., Baor, E., S\u0142awczyk, D., and Kowalska, A. (2024). Environmental Impacts and Contaminants Management in Sewage Sludge-to-Energy and Fertilizer Technologies: Current Trends and Future Directions. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/en17194983"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2023.100747","article-title":"Environmental Waste Management Strategies and Vermi Transformation for Sustainable Development","volume":"13","author":"Hajam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Chall."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manea, E.E., Bumbac, C., Dinu, L.R., Bumbac, M., and Nicolescu, C.M. (2024). Composting as a Sustainable Solution for Organic Solid Waste Management: Current Practices and Potential Improvements. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16156329"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19765","article-title":"Advances in Sewage Sludge Application and Treatment: Process Integration of Plasma Pyrolysis and Anaerobic Digestion with the Resource Recovery","volume":"9","author":"Giwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-025-02369-3","article-title":"Emerging Sewage Sludge Treatment Technologies for Land Carbon Sequestration: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"27","author":"Kacprzak","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Dominguez, J., and Edwards, C.A. (2004). Vermicomposting Organic Wastes: A Review. Soil Zoology for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century, Geocities."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.09.055","article-title":"Stabilization of Primary Sewage Sludge during Vermicomposting","volume":"153","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-019-00510-4","article-title":"Earthworms and Vermicompost: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Repaying Nature\u2019s Debt","volume":"42","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, N., and Al-Mutairi, K.A. (2022). Earthworms Effect on Microbial Population and Soil Fertility as Well as Their Interaction with Agriculture Practices. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14137803"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Review on Potential of Vermicomposting Derived Liquids in Agricultural Use","volume":"3","author":"Quaik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3732","article-title":"Vermicompost Extracts Influence Growth, Mineral Nutrients, Phytonutrients and Antioxidant Activity in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa Cv. Bonsai, Chinensis Group) Grown under Vermicompost and Chemical Fertiliser","volume":"89","author":"Pant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(02)00017-2","article-title":"The Influence of Humic Acids Derived from Earthworm-Processed Organic Wastes on Plant Growth","volume":"84","author":"Atiyeh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-1-26","article-title":"Microbial Diversity of Vermicompost Bacteria That Exhibit Useful Agricultural Traits and Waste Management Potential","volume":"1","author":"Pathma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115654","article-title":"Influence of Earthworms on the Microbial Properties and Extracellular Enzyme Activities during Vermicomposting of Raw and Distilled Grape Marc","volume":"319","author":"Fornasier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X14555805","article-title":"Vermicomposting Grape Marc Yields High Quality Organic Biofertiliser and Bioactive Polyphenols","volume":"32","author":"Lores","year":"2014","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2020.103587","article-title":"Changes in the Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Grape Marc Vermicompost during a Two-Year Production Period","volume":"154","author":"Santana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dume, B., Hanc, A., Svehla, P., Michal, P., Chane, A.D., and Nigussie, A. (2022). Vermicomposting Technology as a Process Able to Reduce the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in Sewage Sludge. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12092049"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115255","article-title":"Composting and Vermicomposting of Sewage Sludge at Various C\/N Ratios: Technological Feasibility and End-Product Quality","volume":"263","author":"Dume","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/1065657X.2012.10737016","article-title":"Vermicomposting of Sewage Sludge: Earthworm Population and Agronomic Advantages","volume":"20","author":"Ludibeth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Util."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azevedo, T., Nascimento-Gon\u00e7alves, E., Lopes, H., Medeiros, C., Falco, V., Sousa, J.R., Coimbra, A.M., Roboredo, M., Oliveira, P.A., and Morais, M.C. (2025). Valorization of Vineyard By-Products Through Vermicomposting: A Comparative Pilot-Scale Study with Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei. Agronomy, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15061340"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samba, N., Nunomura, O., Lu, N., Johkan, M., Nakano, A., and Tsukagoshi, S. (2024). Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Growth and Productivity under Solar Radiation-Based Quantitative Nutrient Management in Hydroponic System. Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14020296"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2012.10.003","article-title":"Phytochemical and Therapeutic Potential of Cucumber","volume":"84","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"S\u00e1, C., Trindade, A., and Coutinho, J. (2024). Manual de Colheita de Amostras e de Dados No Campo: Sistema de Monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional Do Solo, DGADR."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"27","article-title":"Biological Evaluation of Compost Maturity","volume":"22","author":"Zucconi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biocycle"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, J.P.E. (1982). Soil Respiration. Methods of Soil Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c41"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.02.005","article-title":"Impact of Different Treatments on Escherichia Coli during Storage of Cattle Slurry","volume":"236","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-84042009000400022","article-title":"Calculating Germination Measurements and Organizing Spreadsheets","volume":"32","author":"Ranal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-84042006000100002","article-title":"How and Why to Measure the Germination Process?","volume":"29","author":"Ranal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez-Cifuentes, A., Valdez-Aguilar, L.A., Cadena-Zapata, M., Alvarado-Camarillo, D., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Fuentes, J.A. (2023). Nutrient Solution Electrical Conductivity Affects Yield and Growth of Sub-Irrigated Tomatoes. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9070826"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, X., Jiang, Y., Zhao, H., Guo, D., He, L., Liu, F., Zhou, Q., Nandwani, D., Hui, D., and Yu, J. (2018). Electrical Conductivity of Nutrient Solution Influenced Photosynthesis, Quality, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis) in a Hydroponic System. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202090"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jankauskien\u0117, J., Lau\u017eik\u0117, K., and Kavaliauskait\u0117, D. (2022). Effects of Vermicompost on Quality and Physiological Parameters of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Seedlings and Plant Productivity. Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8111009"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05895","article-title":"Efficiency of Cow Dung Based Vermi-Compost on Seed Germination and Plant Growth Parameters of Tagetes erectus (Marigold)","volume":"7","author":"Shafique","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.03.009","article-title":"Improving Pea Quality with Vermicompost Tea and Aqueous Biochar: Prospects for Sustainable Farming in Southern Africa","volume":"123","author":"Steenhuisen","year":"2019","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.15406\/hij.2022.06.00235","article-title":"A Preliminary Study on Emergence and Growth of Carrot Seedlings in Response to Varying Proportions of Vermicompost and Copper","volume":"6","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hortic. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.12.100","article-title":"Positive Effects of Compost and Vermicompost Produced from Tannery Waste-Animal Fleshing on the Growth and Yield of Commercial Crop-Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Plant","volume":"234","author":"Ravindran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4989","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0826-0","article-title":"Generation of Highly Potent Organic Fertilizer from Pernicious Aquatic Weed Salvinia Molesta","volume":"25","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"936","article-title":"The Response of Grain Legumes to Vermicompost at Germination and Seedling Stages","volume":"44","author":"Ceritoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Legume Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"74","article-title":"Efecto del lixiviado de vermicompost en la germinaci\u00f3n de lechuga in vitro","volume":"37","author":"Gardea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nexo Rev. Cient."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosem, H., Kocak, M.Z., Kaysim, M.G., Celikcan, F., and Kulak, M. (2022). Liquid Leachate Produced from Vermicompost Effects on Some Agronomic Attributes and Secondary Metabolites of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Exposed to Severe Water Stress Conditions. Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8121190"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40093-016-0135-5","article-title":"The Effect of Vermicompost Leachate on Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical Indices of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni in a Soilless Culture System","volume":"5","author":"Bidabadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Recycl Org Waste Agric."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"30","article-title":"Effects of Solid and Liquid Vermicompost Application on Bean Growth and Common Bacterial Blight Disease in Different Growth Medium","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJAWS"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fageria, N.K. (2016). The Use of Nutrients in Crop Plants, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420075113"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcq085","article-title":"Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Development and Global Health","volume":"105","author":"White","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2006.06.004","article-title":"Effects of Humic Acids from Vermicomposts on Plant Growth","volume":"42","author":"Arancon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyege, I., and Balaji Bhaskar, M.S. (2023). Effects of Vermicompost on Soil and Plant Health and Promoting Sustainable Agriculture. Soil Syst., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/soilsystems7040101"}],"container-title":["Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3298\/13\/1\/59\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T10:10:45Z","timestamp":1773137445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3298\/13\/1\/59"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["environments13010059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/environments13010059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3298"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3298","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}}}