{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T02:44:12Z","timestamp":1769481852784,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"cE3c","award":["10.54499\/UID\/00329\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UID\/00329\/2025"]}]},{"name":"IVAR","award":["10.54499\/UID\/PRR\/00643\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UID\/PRR\/00643\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main objective of this work is to assess the potential negative impact of organic farming on the thyroid gland and compare it with the negative impact of conventional farming on this organ. Previous studies have linked exposure to conventional farming with thyroid disruption; relatively less is known about effects of exposure to organic farming on the thyroid. Mus musculus were the bioindicators in this work, captured in a conventional farm (CF), an organic farm (OF), and two reference areas (RF\u2019) without agriculture. Histomorphometric and histomorphological measurements of the thyroid were performed. Hypothyroidism signs were observed in mice exposed to either farming system, being less pronounced in organic farming-exposed mice: epithelium thickness and the epithelial cells\u2019 area and volume were lower than in non-exposed mice [epithelium thickness (\u00b5m): 4.16 \u00b1 0.51 (CF); 6.28 \u00b1 0.19 (OF); 7.46 \u00b1 0.25 (RF\u2019)]. Histomorphologic alterations included decreased follicular sphericity, increased epithelium irregularity, increased exfoliation into the colloid, and increased inflammation of thyroid tissue. Results suggest that, while organic farming might be a better alternative to conventional farming, it is not completely free of health hazards. Exposure to an organic farming environment can cause thyroid disruption, although with less pronounced effects than conventional farming. Despite there being risks to be considered, results support the benefit of transitioning from conventional farming systems towards organic farming systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments13020066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T15:48:30Z","timestamp":1769442510000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Histological Evidence of Thyroid Disruption in Wild Mice from Conventional and Organic Farming Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6312-9964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e1dia M. P.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1386-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Camarinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"IVAR, Institute of Volcanology and Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4490-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c, Azorean Biodiversity Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4120-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"IVAR, Institute of Volcanology and Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9851-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armindo S.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"IVAR, Institute of Volcanology and Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.05.014","article-title":"The role of farming and rural development as central to our diets","volume":"193","author":"Fanzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. 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