{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T02:49:36Z","timestamp":1773715776573,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101039270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101039270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.54499\/2022.02842.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/2022.02842.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.54499\/LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.54499\/UID\/50020\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UID\/50020\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many organic fungicides are chiral and are used in diverse application areas, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, agrochemicals, and industry. Fungicides have valuable effects such as preventing fungal infestations and the treatment of diseases, but their generalized use resulted in their occurrence in diverse environmental compartments which is an increasing environmental concern with negative impact on non-target organisms and human health risks. Besides, enantiomers of chiral fungicides may exhibit distinct bioactivity including toxicity and degradation profiles. Therefore, monitoring their enantioselective occurrence in the environment is essential to accurately assess enantioselective (eco)toxicity and establish environmental quality standard levels. This review provides the first comprehensive and critically interpretative assessment of enantioselective chromatographic methods for the determination of fungicides, with a primary focus on azole compounds, in complex environmental matrices (e.g., soil, sediment, plants, earthworms, sewage sludge, water, wastewater) due to their regulatory relevance in the EU Watch Lists, frequent occurrence in environmental matrices, and specific analytical challenges associated with their chiral nature. Other fungicide classes are also included, since other fungicides (either chiral or achiral) reported in the articles retrieved by the literature search, were also evaluated, integrating methodological, analytical and regulatory dimensions. Liquid chromatography was identified as the predominant analytical technique, with polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases being the most frequently used, while sample preparation was mainly based on solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS-based approaches for complex environmental matrices. Analytical performance parameters were compared to highlight strengths and limitations of reported methods, while environmental monitoring data were reviewed, identifying soil and water as matrices with the highest reported chiral fungicide levels. The urgent need to develop robust enantioselective analytical methods to recognize the distinctive biological and toxicological properties of individual enantiomers are critically discussed. By revealing persistent gaps in enantioselective workflows and regulatory differentiation between enantiomers, it highlights the need for robust analytical approaches and reliable monitoring strategies to contribute for future enantiomer-specific environmental risk assessment frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments13020109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T08:38:39Z","timestamp":1771231119000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enantioselective Chromatographic Methods for Detection of Fungicides in Complex Environmental Matrices: Advances and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6790-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Suordem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM, ALiCE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences\u2014CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Gorito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM, ALiCE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8437-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta O.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM, ALiCE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3320-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elizabeth","family":"Tiritan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e2nica e Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4460-314 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7245-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences\u2014CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita L.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM, ALiCE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121637","article-title":"The widespread presence of triazole fungicides in greenhouse soils in Shandong Province, China: A systematic study on human health and ecological risk assessments","volume":"328","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121420","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30869-y","article-title":"Source, transport, and toxicity of emerging contaminants in aquatic environments: A review on recent studies","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120724","article-title":"Occurrence, spatial variation, seasonal difference, and risk assessment of neonicotinoid insecticides, selected agriculture fungicides, and their transformation products in the Yangtze River, China: From the upper to lower reaches","volume":"247","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149733","article-title":"Azole and strobilurin fungicides in source, treated, and tap water from Wuhan, central China: Assessment of human exposure potential","volume":"801","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159656","article-title":"Enantioselectivity in the toxicological effects of chiral pesticides: A review","volume":"857","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107697","article-title":"Occurrence, spatiotemporal dynamics, and ecological risk of fungicides in a reservoir-regulated basin","volume":"171","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"FAO (2025). Pesticides Use and Trade\u20141990\u20132023, FAO. FAOSTAT Analytical Briefs, No. 109."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Commission, E., Health, D.G.F., Safety, F., Feijao, C., d\u2019Angelo, C., and Flanagan, I. (2020). Development of Future Scenarios for Sustainable Pesticide Use and Achievement of Pesticide-Use and Risk-Reduction Targets Announced in the Farm to Fork and Biodiversity Strategies by 2030, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.07.084","article-title":"Chiral separation of agricultural fungicides","volume":"1218","author":"Marina","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pintye, A., Bacs\u00f3, R., and Kov\u00e1cs, G.M. (2024). Trans-kingdom fungal pathogens infecting both plants and humans, and the problem of azole fungicide resistance. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1354757"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104240","article-title":"History of the development of antifungal azoles: A review on structures, SAR, and mechanism of action","volume":"104","author":"Shafiei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorganic Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karna\u0161 Babi\u0107, M., Maji\u0107, I., Dandi\u0107, A., and Rastija, V. (2025). The Future of Azoles in Agriculture\u2014Balancing Effectiveness and Toxicity. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app152412902"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140821","article-title":"Chiral conazole fungicides\u2014(Enantioselective) terrestrial bioaccumulation and aquatic toxicity","volume":"743","author":"Chandran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kane, A., and Carter, D.A. (2022). Augmenting Azoles with Drug Synergy to Expand the Antifungal Toolbox. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202203.0262.v1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.07.005","article-title":"Are azole fungicides a teratogenic risk for human conceptus?","volume":"198","author":"Giavini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-008-9626-z","article-title":"Detection of triazole deicing additives in soil samples from airports with low, mid, and large volume aircraft deicing activities","volume":"82","author":"McNeill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1021\/es103267g","article-title":"From dishwasher to tap? Xenobiotic substances benzotriazole and tolyltriazole in the environment","volume":"45","author":"Janna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128335","article-title":"A comprehensive review on environmental toxicity of azole compounds to fish","volume":"262","author":"Bhagat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, M.M., Carvalho, D.T., Sousa, E., and Pinto, E. (2022). New Antifungal Agents with Azole Moieties. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15111427"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez-Falcao, S., and Mendez-Arriaga, J.M. (2024). Recent Advances in Metal Complexes Based on Biomimetic and Biocompatible Organic Ligands against Leishmaniasis Infections: State of the Art and Alternatives. Inorganics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics12070190"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.441","article-title":"Pesticide residues in European agricultural soils\u2014A hidden reality unfolded","volume":"653","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AY00556A","article-title":"A multi-residue chiral liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method for analysis of antifungal agents and their metabolites in aqueous environmental matrices","volume":"13","author":"Wattanayon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"EU (2018). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018\/1865 of 28 November 2018 Concerning the Non-Renewal of Approval of the Active Substance Propiconazole, in Accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Placing of Plant Protection Products on the Market, and Amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540\/2011, EU. Official Journal of the European Union 29.11.2018."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"EU (2020). Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2020\/1068 of 15 May 2020 Amending Annexes I and V to Regulation (EU) No 649\/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Export and Import of Hazardous Chemicals, EU. Official Journal of the European Union 21.7.2020."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"EU (2022). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022\/1317 of 27 July 2022 Providing for Derogations from Regulation (EU) 2021\/2115 of the European Parliament and of the Council as Regards the Application of the Standards for Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions of Land (GAEC Standards) 7 and 8 for Claim Year 2023, EU. Official Journal of the European Union 28.7.2022."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_26.1","unstructured":"EU (2025). Commission Implementing Decision"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_26.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2025\/439 of 28 February 2025 Establishing a Watch List of Substances for Union-Wide Monitoring in the Field of Water Policy Pursuant to Directive 2008\/105\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, EU. Official Journal of the European Union 3.3.2025."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Draskau, M.K., and Svingen, T. (2022). Azole Fungicides and Their Endocrine Disrupting Properties: Perspectives on Sex Hormone-Dependent Reproductive Development. Front. Toxicol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.883254"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133167","article-title":"Antifungal drugs in the aquatic environment: A review on sources, occurrence, toxicity, health effects, removal strategies and future challenges","volume":"465","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teac.2024.e00252","article-title":"Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry methods for the identification of antifungal azoles\u2019 transformation products through suspect and non-target analysis","volume":"45","author":"Alampanos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145009","article-title":"Pesticide contamination in water and sediment of the aquatic systems of the Natural Park of the Albufera of Valencia (Spain) during the rice cultivation period","volume":"774","author":"Calvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113675","article-title":"Pesticide occurrence in an agriculturally intensive and ecologically important coastal aquatic system in Australia","volume":"180","author":"Laicher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De la Paz, J.F., Beiza, N., Paredes-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, S., Hoare, M.S., and Allende, M.L. (2017). Triazole Fungicides Inhibit Zebrafish Hatching by Blocking the Secretory Function of Hatching Gland Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040710"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125288","article-title":"Effect of triadimefon and its metabolite on adult amphibians Xenopus laevis","volume":"243","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-017-0551-z","article-title":"Enantioselective separation and determination of miconazole in rat plasma by chiral LC-MS\/MS: Application in a stereoselective pharmacokinetic study","volume":"409","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8830","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01721","article-title":"Enantioselective Distribution, Degradation, and Metabolite Formation of Myclobutanil and Transcriptional Responses of Metabolic-Related Genes in Rats","volume":"52","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, S., Lun, J., Liu, Y., Jiang, Z., and Guo, X. (2020). Enantioseparation and Determination of Penconazole in Rat Plasma by Chiral LC-MS\/MS: Application to a Stereoselective Toxicokinetic Study. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25132964"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.22265","article-title":"Stereoselective degradation of chiral fungicide myclobutanil in rat liver microsomes","volume":"26","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2020.113791","article-title":"Enantioselective determination of econazole in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study","volume":"602","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.21993","article-title":"Enantioselective degradation of hexaconazole in rat hepatic microsomes in vitro","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.119","article-title":"Enantioselective metabolism of four chiral triazole fungicides in rat liver microsomes","volume":"224","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2004.12.006","article-title":"Enantioselective degradation kinetics of metalaxyl in rabbits","volume":"83","author":"Qiu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.20341","article-title":"Stereoselective determination of benalaxyl in plasma by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector and application to pharmacokinetic study in rabbits","volume":"19","author":"Qiu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.22353","article-title":"Acute toxicity, bioactivity, and enantioselective behavior with tissue distribution in rabbits of myclobutanil enantiomers","volume":"26","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.20340","article-title":"Stereoselective degradation kinetics of tebuconazole in rabbits","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110287","article-title":"Etoxazole stereoselective determination, bioaccumulation, and resulting oxidative stress in Danio rerio (zebrafish)","volume":"192","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.08.015","article-title":"Enantioselective bioaccumulation of hexaconazole and its toxic effects in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.07.017","article-title":"Tissue distribution and toxicity effects of myclobutanil enantiomers in lizards (Eremias argus)","volume":"145","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9046-y","article-title":"Simultaneous enantioselective determination of triadimefon and its metabolite triadimenol in edible vegetable oil by gel permeation chromatography and ultraperformance convergence chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"407","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8655","article-title":"The continuing significance of chiral agrochemicals","volume":"81","author":"Jeschke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pest. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141600","article-title":"A review on the stereospecific fate and effects of chiral conazole fungicides","volume":"750","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25468","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2587-9","article-title":"Chiral triazole fungicide tebuconazole: Enantioselective bioaccumulation, bioactivity, acute toxicity, and dissipation in soils","volume":"25","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11672","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c03536","article-title":"Stereoselective Physiological Effects of Metconazole on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat","volume":"68","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.22284","article-title":"Chiral separation and enantioselective degradation of vinclozolin in soils","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, C., Ribeiro, A.R., Maia, A.S., and Tiritan, M.E. (2017). Occurrence of Chiral Bioactive Compounds in the Aquatic Environment: A Review. Symmetry, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9100215"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chapter One\u2014Fundamentals of chirality: Enantioselective behavior and ecotoxicity of environmental chiral pollutants","volume":"Volume 111","author":"Aparicio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-12310-0","article-title":"Stereoselective analysis of chiral pesticides: A review","volume":"196","author":"Vashistha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115783","article-title":"Analysis of chiral drugs in environmental matrices: Current knowledge and trends in environmental, biodegradation and forensic fields","volume":"124","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169573","article-title":"Enantioselectivity in ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, and industrial persistent pollutants in aquatic and terrestrial environments: A review","volume":"912","author":"Carrola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcoa.2023.100099","article-title":"Enantioselective analysis of pesticides in food, biological, and environmental samples by chromatographic techniques and capillary electrophoresis","volume":"4","author":"Marina","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Open"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.03.037","article-title":"Enantioselective reductive transformation of climbazole: A concept towards quantitative biodegradation assessment in anaerobic biological treatment processes","volume":"116","author":"Brienza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2016.05.051","article-title":"Enantioselective simultaneous analysis of selected pharmaceuticals in environmental samples by ultrahigh performance supercritical fluid based chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"934","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.21997","article-title":"Enantioselective determination of triazole fungice tetraconazole by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to pharmacokinetic study in cucumber, muskmelon, and soils","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2005.09.022","article-title":"Direct chiral resolution and its application to the determination of fungicide benalaxyl in soil and water by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"555","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.10032","article-title":"Stereoselective degradation of metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M in soil and sunflower plants","volume":"14","author":"Marucchini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph2005020011","article-title":"Degradation of metalaxyl and mefenoxam and effects on the microbiological properties of tropical and temperate soils","volume":"2","author":"Monkiedje","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1021\/es020123e","article-title":"Degradation of racemic and enantiopure metalaxyl in tropical and temperate soils","volume":"37","author":"Monkiedje","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1021\/es00008a023","article-title":"Environmental behavior of acetamide pesticide stereoisomers. 2. Stereo- and enantioselective degradation in sewage sludge and soil","volume":"29","author":"Mueller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ay00187b","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of paclobutrazol and myclobutanil enantiomers in water and soil using enantioselective reversed-phase liquid chromatography","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1021\/jf052631o","article-title":"Enantiomeric Resolution of Chiral Pesticides by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109491","article-title":"Enantioselective degradation of chiral fungicides triticonazole and prothioconazole in soils and their enantioselective accumulation in earthworms Eisenia fetida","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1021\/jf204523t","article-title":"Enantioselective residue dissipation of hexaconazole in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), head cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. caulorapa DC.), and soils","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8545","DOI":"10.1021\/jf902420a","article-title":"Enantioselective acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of benalaxyl in earthworm (Eisenia fedtia)","volume":"57","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1021\/jf405689n","article-title":"Simultaneous enantioselective determination of triazole fungicide flutriafol in vegetables, fruits, wheat, soil, and water by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.01.103","article-title":"Application and enantioselective residue determination of chiral pesticide penconazole in grape, tea, aquatic vegetables and soil by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/91.5.1007","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Three Chiral Pesticide Enantiomers by High-Performance Column Liquid Chromatography","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b00919","article-title":"Stereoselective Metabolism of the Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitor Fungicides Fenpropidin, Fenpropimorph, and Spiroxamine in Grapes, Sugar Beets, and Wheat","volume":"64","author":"Buerge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158472","article-title":"Stereoselective bioaccumulation and dissipation of pyrisoxazole in earthworm-soil microcosm","volume":"852","author":"Cang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04623","article-title":"Stereoselective Analysis and Dissipation of Propiconazole in Wheat, Grapes, and Soil by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"65","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136921","article-title":"Enantioseparation, bioactivity, environmental fate and toxicity of chiral triazole fungicide ipconazole in soil and earthworm","volume":"485","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.09.045","article-title":"Enantioselective determination of metconazole in multi matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"178","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b00258","article-title":"Enantioseparation of Imazalil and Monitoring of Its Enantioselective Degradation in Apples and Soils Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.01.071","article-title":"Development of a multi-residue enantiomeric analysis method for 9 pesticides in soil and water by chiral liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"250\u2013251","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.11.055","article-title":"Chiral fungicide triadimefon and triadimenol: Stereoselective transformation in greenhouse crops and soil, and toxicity to Daphnia magna","volume":"265","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.11.031","article-title":"Enantioselectivity in tebuconazole and myclobutanil non-target toxicity and degradation in soils","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.12.044","article-title":"Simultaneous enantioselective determination of triazole fungicides in soil and water by chiral liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1224","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.07.059","article-title":"Simultaneous enantioselective determination of fenbuconazole and its main metabolites in soil and water by chiral liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1218","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1021\/es203320x","article-title":"Environmental Behavior of the Chiral Triazole Fungicide Fenbuconazole and Its Chiral Metabolites: Enantioselective Transformation and Degradation in Soils","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09562-5","article-title":"Enantiomer\/stereoisomer-specific residues of metalaxyl, napropamide, triticonazole, and metconazole in agricultural soils across China","volume":"193","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.013","article-title":"Enantioselective effects of the chiral fungicide tetraconazole in wheat: Fungicidal activity and degradation behavior","volume":"247","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201800861","article-title":"An environmentally friendly method for the enantioseparation and determination of benalaxyl in tobacco and soil by ultra-performance convergence chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.23184","article-title":"A green and effective method for the determination of metalaxyl enantiomers in tobacco and soil by supercritical fluid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11859-018-1336-8","article-title":"Determination of Four Chiral Pesticides in Soil by QuEChERS-Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"23","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wuhan Univ. J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2013.853763","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS method for simultaneous determination of myclobutanil, hexaconazole, diniconazole, epoxiconazole and tetraconazole enantiomers in soil and earthworms","volume":"94","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.20504","article-title":"Stereoselective degradation of benalaxyl in tomato, tobacco, sugar beet, capsicum, and soil","volume":"20","author":"Gu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)00456-9","article-title":"Liquid chromatographic method development for determination of fungicide epoxiconazole enantiomers by achiral and chiral column switching technique in water and soil","volume":"959","author":"Hutta","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201100365","article-title":"Stereoselective separation and determination of triadimefon and triadimenol in wheat, straw, and soil by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"35","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1021\/es0202412","article-title":"Enantioselective degradation of metalaxyl in soils: Chiral preference changes with soil pH","volume":"37","author":"Buerge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1021\/es010134s","article-title":"Environmental behavior of the chiral acetamide pesticide metalaxyl: Enantioselective degradation and chiral stability in soil","volume":"36","author":"Buser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-008-9559-6","article-title":"Enantioselective degradation of metalaxyl in anaerobic activated sewage sludge","volume":"82","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"22","article-title":"Overview of the Evolution and Trends of the QuEChERS Sample Preparation Procedure","volume":"262","author":"Navarro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Methods for Extraction of Organic Compounds from Solid Samples: 2. Sub- and Supercritical Extraction. Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion","volume":"79","author":"Dmitrienko","year":"2024","journal-title":"QuEChERS Method. Review of Reviews. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s44211-022-00190-8","article-title":"A review of the modern principles and applications of solid-phase extraction techniques in chromatographic analysis","volume":"38","author":"Badawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahdavijalal, M., Petio, C., Staffilano, G., Mandrioli, R., and Protti, M. (2024). Innovative Solid-Phase Extraction Strategies for Improving the Advanced Chromatographic Determination of Drugs in Challenging Biological Samples. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29102278"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"999","article-title":"Methods for the Extraction of Organic Compounds from Solid Samples: 1. Solvent Extraction","volume":"79","author":"Dmitrienko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Review of Reviews. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7824","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC00933A","article-title":"Supramolecular chemistry of liquid-liquid extraction","volume":"15","author":"Pramanik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.06.010","article-title":"Liquid-phase microextraction\u2014The different principles and configurations","volume":"112","author":"Yamini","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1021\/jf204762t","article-title":"Enantioselective analysis of triazole fungicide myclobutanil in cucumber and soil under different application modes by chiral liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"60","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2015.12.018","article-title":"Enantioseparation and determination of triticonazole enantiomers in fruits, vegetables, and soil using efficient extraction and clean-up methods","volume":"1009\u20131010","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5443","DOI":"10.1021\/es060817d","article-title":"Influence of pH on the Stereoselective Degradation of the Fungicides Epoxiconazole and Cyproconazole in Soils","volume":"40","author":"Buerge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.07.058","article-title":"Simultaneous and enantioselective determination of cis-epoxiconazole and indoxacarb residues in various teas, tea infusion and soil samples by chiral high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"1359","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201701259","article-title":"Simultaneous enantioselective determination of six pesticides in aqueous environmental samples by chiral liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-06091-5","article-title":"Dispersive solid phase extraction based on cross-linked hydroxypropyl \u03b2-cyclodextrin polymers for simultaneous enantiomeric determination of three chiral triazole fungicides in water","volume":"191","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201800530","article-title":"Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on carbon nanosphere@Fe3O4 for enantioselective determination of eight triazole fungicides in water samples","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.04.027","article-title":"Experimental and molecular docking study on graphene\/Fe3O4 composites as a sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of seven imidazole antifungals in environmental water samples prior to LC-MS\/MS for enantiomeric analysis","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.22172","article-title":"A new chiral residue analysis method for triazole fungicides in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)","volume":"25","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.03.204","article-title":"Simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of eight pesticides in soils and river sediments by chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"204","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/86.3.521","article-title":"Stereo- and Enantioselective Determination of Pesticides in Soil by Using Achiral and Chiral Liquid Chromatography in Combination with Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.114444","article-title":"Sample preparation for environmental monitoring under the perspective of white analytical chemistry: Green, sustainable and, effective","volume":"215","author":"Pereira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.08.003","article-title":"Chiral pharmaceuticals: A review on their environmental occurrence and fate processes","volume":"124","author":"Sanganyado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiritan, M., Ribeiro, A.R.L., Fernandes, C., and Pinto, M. (2016). Chiral Pharmaceuticals. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley-Interscience.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471238961.1608011823092009.a01.pub2"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2021.116326","article-title":"Challenges and innovations in chiral drugs in an environmental and bioanalysis perspective","volume":"142","author":"Barreiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40828-019-0087-2","article-title":"Supercritical fluid chromatography","volume":"5","author":"Hofstetter","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemTexts"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.56530\/lcgc.eu.fn8374q5","article-title":"Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Chiral Analysis, Part 2: Applications","volume":"35","author":"Roskam","year":"2022","journal-title":"LCGC Eur."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2018.07.039","article-title":"Enantiomeric ratios: Why so many notations?","volume":"1569","author":"Tiritan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b00086","article-title":"Enantioselective Bioaccumulation, Tissue Distribution, and Toxic Effects of Myclobutanil Enantiomers in Pelophylax nigromaculatus Tadpole","volume":"65","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.22226","article-title":"Enantioselective toxic effects and degradation of myclobutanil enantiomers in Scenedesmus obliquus","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.375","article-title":"Enantioselective degradation and transformation of the chiral fungicide prothioconazole and its chiral metabolite in soils","volume":"634","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155632","article-title":"Enantioselective aquatic toxicity and degradation in soil of the chiral fungicide oxathiapiprolin","volume":"836","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2021.461878","article-title":"Chiral chromatography method screening strategies: Past, present and future","volume":"1638","author":"Tarafder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papp, L.A., Szab\u00f3, Z.I., Hancu, G., Farcz\u00e1di, L., and Mircia, E. (2024). Comprehensive Review on Chiral Stationary Phases in Single-Column Simultaneous Chiral\u2013Achiral HPLC Separation Methods. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29061346"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.10.033","article-title":"Recent developments on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for liquid-phase separation of enantiomers","volume":"1269","author":"Chankvetadze","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.05.010","article-title":"Core\u2013shell particles: Preparation, fundamentals and applications in high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"1357","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dal Bosco, C., Bonoli, F., Gentili, A., Fanali, C., and D\u2019Orazio, G. (2021). Chiral Nano-Liquid Chromatography and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Applied to the Analysis of Antifungal Drugs in Milk. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237094"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2022.463126","article-title":"Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic method (Chiral \u00d7 Achiral) for the simultaneous resolution of pesticides","volume":"1673","author":"Acquaviva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8681-7","article-title":"Non-target screening with high-resolution mass spectrometry: Critical review using a collaborative trial on water analysis","volume":"407","author":"Schymanski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164650","article-title":"The enantioselective environmental fate of mandipropamid in water-sediment microcosms: Distribution, degradation, degradation pathways and toxicity assessment","volume":"891","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141731","article-title":"Online SFE-SFC-MS\/MS analysis of pyraclostrobin and chiral mefentrifluconazole residues in mango and mango juice","volume":"464","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2022.108217","article-title":"Automatised on-line SPE-chiral LC-MS\/MS method for the enantiomeric determination of main fluoroquinolones and their metabolites in environmental water samples","volume":"185","author":"Aparicio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"EU (2020). Directive 2020\/2184 European Parliament and the Council of 16 December 2020 on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption (Recast), EU. Official Journal of the European Union 23.12.2020.435."}],"container-title":["Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3298\/13\/2\/109\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:23:25Z","timestamp":1772083405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3298\/13\/2\/109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"references-count":140,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["environments13020109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/environments13020109","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3298"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3298","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]}}}