{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:09:10Z","timestamp":1771841350359,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2013Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2013Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2013Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"PhD grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/150862\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150862\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the characterisation of particulate matter (PM) across different size fractions (TSP, PM10, PM4, PM2.5, and PM1) in Porto, Portugal, over a 2-year period. Sampling was conducted at two heights (ground level and rooftop), integrating real-time measurements and filter-based analyses to evaluate seasonal and spatial variations. Elemental composition was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma\u2013Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), enabling detailed assessments of 30 chemical elements. Meteorological parameters, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and direction, were analysed to understand their influence on PM concentrations. Results indicate that significant seasonal trends, with higher PM concentrations observed during autumn and winter, were associated with low boundary layer height, promoting greater mixing of particles, enhanced deposition, and higher anthropogenic emissions, with average seasonal TSP values ranging from 0.001 to 0.059 \u00b5g m\u22123. Elemental analysis revealed distinct profiles at ground and rooftop levels, with Ba, Cu, Pb, Mg, and Na among the most frequently detected elements; ground-level samples showed stronger contributions from local sources, such as traffic, while rooftop samples reflected regional and long-range transport. Meteorological factors, such as precipitation and wind speed, exhibited negative correlations with PM concentrations, underscoring their role in atmospheric washing. These findings highlight the complex interplay of local and regional factors in shaping PM dynamics and emphasise the importance of multi-level monitoring for effective air-quality management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments13020123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T08:58:21Z","timestamp":1771837101000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterisation of Different-Size Particulate Matter in an Urban Location"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio and Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6397-3713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio and Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5869-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio and Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (EEA) (2024, January 01). 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