{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:40:54Z","timestamp":1778560854562,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of land use\/land cover (LULC) has become an increasingly important stage in the development of forest ecosystems strategies. Hence, the main goal of this study was to describe the vegetation change of Azrou Forest in the Middle Atlas, Morocco, between 1987 and 2017. To achieve this, a set of Landsat images, including one Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scene from 1987; one Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) scene from 2000; two Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes from 1995 and 2011; and one Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) scene from 2017; were acquired and processed. Ground-based survey data and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used to identify and to improve the discrimination between LULC categories. Then, the maximum likelihood (ML) classification method was applied was applied, in order to produce land cover maps for each year. Three classes were considered by the classification of NDVI value: low-density vegetation; moderate-density vegetation, and high-density vegetation. Our study achieved classification accuracies of 66.8% (1987), 99.9% (1995), 99.8% (2000), 99.9% (2011), and 99.9% (2017). The results from the Landsat-based image analysis show that the area of low-density vegetation was decreased from 27.4% to 2.1% over the past 30 years. While, in 2017, the class of high-density vegetation was increased to 64.6% of the total area of study area. The results of this study show that the total forest cover remained stable. The present study highlights the importance of the image classification algorithms combined with NDVI index for better understanding the changes that have occurred in this forest. Therefore, the findings of this study could assist planners and decision-makers to guide, in a good manner, the sustainable land development of areas with similar backgrounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments5120131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T12:22:00Z","timestamp":1544012520000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Land Use\/Land Cover (LULC) Using Landsat Data Series (MSS, TM, ETM+ and OLI) in Azrou Forest, in the Central Middle Atlas of Morocco"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0019-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meriame","family":"Mohajane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil and Environnement Microbiology Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, BP11201, Zitoune, Mekn\u00e8s 50000, Morocco"},{"name":"Water Sciences and Environnement Engineering Team, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, BP11201, Zitoune, Mekn\u00e8s 50000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1112-1783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Essahlaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Sciences and Environnement Engineering Team, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, BP11201, Zitoune, Mekn\u00e8s 50000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Fatiha","family":"Oudija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil and Environnement Microbiology Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, BP11201, Zitoune, Mekn\u00e8s 50000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-5482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed El","family":"Hafyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Sciences and Environnement Engineering Team, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, BP11201, Zitoune, Mekn\u00e8s 50000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Abdellah El","family":"Hmaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Sciences and Environnement Engineering Team, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, BP11201, Zitoune, Mekn\u00e8s 50000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Abdelhadi El","family":"Ouali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Sciences and Environnement Engineering Team, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, BP11201, Zitoune, Mekn\u00e8s 50000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Randazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Institute (ICT) and Department of Geosciences, Environment and Land Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Giri, C. (2012). Remote Sensing of Land Use and Land Cover, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.748992","article-title":"Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover: First mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+ data","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2017.1317453","article-title":"Utilization of Landsat data to quantify land-use and land-cover changes related to oil and gas activities in West-Central Alberta from 2005 to 2013","volume":"54","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116051233132666","article-title":"Land use\/land cover changes in the coastal zone of Ban Don Bay, Thailand using Landsat 5 TM data","volume":"26","author":"Muttitanon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133309360141","article-title":"Land cover change in Europe between 1950 and 2000 determined employing aerial photography","volume":"34","author":"Gerard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecohyd.2014.01.002","article-title":"Land-cover change dynamics and insights into ecosystem services in European stream riparian zones","volume":"14","author":"Clerici","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2014.09.003","article-title":"Assessing the impacts of climate and land use and land cover change on the freshwater availability in the Brahmaputra River basin","volume":"3","author":"Pervez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.07.043","article-title":"Impacts of forest cover change on ecosystem services in high Andean mountains","volume":"48","author":"Balthazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-016-0562-9","article-title":"Assessment of land cover change hotspots in Gulf of Kachchh, India using multi-temporal remote sensing data and GIS","volume":"44","author":"Pasha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.020","article-title":"Landsat remote sensing of forest windfall disturbance","volume":"143","author":"Baumann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Satyanarayana, B., Thierry, B., Seen, D.L., Raman, A.V., and Muthusankar, G. (2001, January 5\u20139). Remote sensing in mangrove research-relationship between vegetation indices and dendrometric parameters: A case for Coringa, east coast of India. In proceeding of the 22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4042519","article-title":"Evaluation of the consistency of MODIS land cover product (MCD12Q1) based on Chinese 30 m globeland 30 datasets: A case study in Anhui Province, China","volume":"4","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168308948606","article-title":"Preliminary analysis of LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper","volume":"4","author":"Townshend","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Taylor, P., Horler, D.N.H., and Ahern, F.J. (2007). Forestry information content of Thematic Mapper data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 37\u201341."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"821","article-title":"North American landscape characterization dataset development and data fusion issues","volume":"64","author":"Lunetta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"535","article-title":"Landsat\u2019s role in ecological applications of remote sensing","volume":"54","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIBS Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Campbell, J.B. (2007). Introduction to Remote Sensing, The Guilford Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.006","article-title":"Land cover classification and change analysis of the Twin Cities (Minnesota) Metropolitan Area by multitemporal Landsat remote sensing","volume":"98","author":"Yuan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"224","article-title":"Land use\/Land cover changes and their causes in Libokemkem District of South Gonder, Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Demissie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"203","article-title":"Monitoring of forest cover dynamics in eastern area of B\u00e9ni-Mellal Province using ASTER and Sentinel-2A multispectral data","volume":"2","author":"Barakat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geol. Ecol. Landsc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.08.005","article-title":"Monitoring degradation in arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands: The case of the argan woodlands (Morocco)","volume":"32","author":"Lambin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.08.033","article-title":"Can traditional forest management buffer forest depletion? Dynamics of Moroccan High Atlas Mountain forests using remote sensing and vegetation analysis","volume":"260","author":"Hammi","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160410001720748","article-title":"Land-cover binary change detection methods for use in the moist tropical region of the Amazon: A comparative study","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000139863","article-title":"Change detection techniques","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppin, P., Lambin, E., Jonckheere, I., and Muys, B. (2002). Digital change detection methods in natural ecosystem monitoring: A review. Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812777249_0001"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3390\/f2030777","article-title":"Increasing drought sensitivity and decline of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) in the Moroccan Middle Atlas forests","volume":"2","author":"Linares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2012.08.003","article-title":"Age-related drought sensitivity of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) in the Moroccan Middle Atlas forests","volume":"31","author":"Linares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.10.011","article-title":"Structure and spatio-temporal dynamics of cedar forests along a management gradient in the Middle Atlas, Morocco","volume":"289","author":"Manzanedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohajane, M., Essahlaoui, A., Oudija, F., El Hafyani, M., and Cl\u00e1udia Teodoro, A. (2017). Mapping Forest Species in the Central Middle Atlas of Morocco (Azrou Forest) through Remote Sensing Techniques. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6090275"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(99)00278-9","article-title":"Accuracy comparison of various remote sensing data sources in the retrieval of forest stand attributes","volume":"128","author":"Inkinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"567","article-title":"Natural durability of Cedrus atlantica wood related to the bioactivity of its essential oil against wood decaying fungi","volume":"18","author":"Fidah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"157","article-title":"Relations hydriques des arbres sains et d\u00e9p\u00e9rissants de Cedrus atlantica M. au Moyen Atlas Tabulaire au Maroc","volume":"37","author":"Lamhamedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geo-Eco-Trop"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/geo-2018-0001","article-title":"Spatio-temporal monitoring of vegetation phenology in the dry sub-humid region of Nigeria using time series of AVHRR NDVI and TAMSAT datasets","volume":"10","author":"Osunmadewa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Geosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00132-9","article-title":"An assessment of the effectiveness of decision tree methods for land cover classification","volume":"86","author":"Pal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"ERDAS (1999). ERDAS Field Guide, ERDAS, Inc.. [15th ed.]. Revised and Expanded."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"TOBA Societe d\u2019Etudes Techniques & d\u2019Ingenierie (SOGREAH-TTOBA) (2007). Etudes d\u2019am\u00e9nagement Concerte Des Forets et Parcours Collectifs De La Province d\u2019Ifrane. Foret d\u2019Azrou: Plan d\u2019am\u00e9nagement; Royaume du Maroc\u2014Haut-Commissariat aux Eaux et For\u00eats, \u00e0 la Lutte contre la D\u00e9sertification, Direction Regionale des Eaux et For\u00eats de Meknes."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Linares, J.C., T\u00edscar, P.A., Camarero, J.J., Ta\u00efqui, L., Vi\u00f1egla, B., Seco, J.I., Merino, J., and Carreira, J.A. (2011). Tree growth decline on relict Western-Mediterranean mountain forests: Causes and impacts. Forest Decline: Causes and Impacts, Nova Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2018, October 17). Le Dilemme Entre D\u00e9veloppement Et Protection Dans Les Montagnes Du Maroc-Le Cas Des Parcs Du Moyen Atlas. Available online: https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/geocarrefour\/3002."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-008-1470-2","article-title":"Using landsat data to determine land use changes in Datong basin, China","volume":"57","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"QGIS (2018, May 15). QGIS Geographic Information System; Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available online: https:\/\/qgis.org\/en\/site\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2018, October 17). Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/media.readthedocs.org\/pdf\/semiautomaticclassificationmanual-v3\/latest\/semiautomaticclassificationmanual-v3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90019-3","article-title":"An improved dark-object subtraction technique for atmospheric scattering correction of multispectral data","volume":"24","author":"Chavez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.03.008","article-title":"Radiometric correction of multi-temporal Landsat data for characterization of early successional forest patterns in Western Oregon","volume":"103","author":"Schroeder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-009-0286-z","article-title":"Landsat data to evaluate urban expansion and determine land use\/land cover changes in Penang Island, Malaysia","volume":"60","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-0862.2002.tb00117.x","article-title":"Deforestation and land use change: Sparse data environments","volume":"27","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Yao, W., Tang, Q., Liu, L., Xiao, P., Kong, X., Zhang, P., Shi, F., and Wang, Y. (2018). Continuous Change Detection of Forest\/Grassland and Cropland in the Loess Plateau of China Using all Available Landsat Data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111775"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90013-0","article-title":"Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00169-3","article-title":"Classification and change detection using Landsat TM data: When and how to correct atmospheric effects?","volume":"75","author":"Song","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"232","article-title":"Development of a remotely sensed, historical land-cover change database for rural Chihuahua, Mexico","volume":"7","author":"Currit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1109\/36.406684","article-title":"A detailed comparison of back propagation neural network and maximum-likelihood classifiers for urban land use classification","volume":"33","author":"Paola","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2018, October 17). Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis An Introduction. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/3-540-29711-1."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00295-4","article-title":"Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment","volume":"80","author":"Foody","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2018, October 17). Neural Network Approaches Versus Statistical Methods in Classification of Multisource Remote Sensing Data, Available online: https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/search.jsp?R=19900062611."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Land cover change assessment using decision trees, support vector machines and maximum likelihood classification algorithms","volume":"12","author":"Otukei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.021","article-title":"Analysis of time-series MODIS 250 m vegetation index data for crop classification in the US Central Great Plains","volume":"108","author":"Wardlow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, J., Liu, X., and Liu, J. (2016). Integrating textural and spectral features to classify silicate-bearing rocks using Landsat 8 data. Appl. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/app6100283"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Qi, Q., and Liu, Y. (2018). Unsupervised segmentation evaluation using area-weighted variance and Jeffries-Matusita distance for remote sensing images. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081193"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600746456","article-title":"A survey of image classification methods and techniques for improving classification performance","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016011","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.10.016011","article-title":"Comparison of performance of object-based image analysis techniques available in open source software (Spring and Orfeo Toolbox\/Monteverdi) considering very high spatial resolution data","volume":"10","author":"Teodoro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2018, October 17). Derivation and Applications of Probabilistic Measures of Class Membership from the Maximum-Likelihood Classification. Available online: https:\/\/www.asprs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/pers\/1992journal\/sep\/1992_sep_1335-1341.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smits, P.C., Commission, E., and Dellepiane, S.G. (1999). Quality assessment of image classification algorithms for land-cover mapping: A review and a proposal for a cost-based approach. Int. J. Remote Sens., 20.","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212560"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1030330","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of land use and land cover classification of Landsat data using post-classification enhancement","volume":"1","author":"Manandhar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, J.R. (1976). A Land Use and Land cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data, US Government Printing Office.","DOI":"10.3133\/pp964"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00055-3","article-title":"Coordinating methodologies for scaling land cover classifications from site-specific to global: Steps toward validating global map products","volume":"70","author":"Thomlinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6188","DOI":"10.3390\/s8106188","article-title":"Analyzing land use\/land cover changes using remote sensing and GIS in Rize, North-East Turkey","volume":"8","author":"Reis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010014837","article-title":"An estimate of forest cover extent and change in Jamaica using Landsat MSS data","volume":"23","author":"Tole","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697218557","article-title":"Land cover mapping for tropical forest rehabilitation planning using remotely-sensed data","volume":"18","author":"Apan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3390\/f4040968","article-title":"Deforestation and changes in landscape patterns from 1979 to 2006 in Suan County, DPR Korea","volume":"4","author":"Pang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020908432489","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of wetlands","volume":"10","author":"Ozesmi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2002.06.001","article-title":"Linear mixture model applied to Amazonian vegetation classification","volume":"87","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haboudane, D. (2007, January 23\u201328). Deforestation detection and monitoring in cedar forests of the Moroccan Middle-Atlas Mountains. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4423809"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2018, October 17). Observations Satellitaires de L\u2019\u00e9tat de la C\u00e9draie du MOYEN Atlas: \u00c9tude R\u00e9gionale de la D\u00e9forestation et D\u00e9tection Localis\u00e9e du D\u00e9p\u00e9rissement du C\u00e8dre. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Jad_Tahouri\/publication\/306938711_Le_patrimoine_forestier_et_le_developpement_durable_du_Maroc_Cedre-Magot_est-ce_qu\u2019il_existe_un_rapport_entre_la_degradation_de_la_foret_des_cedraies_et_le_singe_magot\/links\/5808c3de08aefaf02a2f7a84\/Le-patrimoine-forestier-et-le-developpement-durable-du-Maroc-Cedre-Magot-est-ce-quil-existe-un-rapport-entre-la-degradation-de-la-foret-des-cedraies-et-le-singe-magot.pdf."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Transtec (2018, October 17). Mission D\u2019evaluation Finale Du Projet. D\u00e9veloppement Rural Participatif Dans le Moyen Atlas Central (Projet Kh\u00e9nifra) au Maroc, Available online: http:\/\/www.eauxetforets.gov.ma\/admin\/telechargement\/fr\/Projet_Khenifra.pdf."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2018, November 20). Bilan des R\u00e9alisations du HCEFLCD 2011\/DPSIC\/DSI\/SSE, Available online: http:\/\/www.eauxetforets.gov.ma."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2018, October 17). Forets et D\u00e9veloppement Durable Dans Les Provinces de Chefchaouen et Ifrane, Available online: http:\/\/www.eauxetforets.gov.ma\/fr\/index.aspx."}],"container-title":["Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3298\/5\/12\/131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:31:29Z","timestamp":1760196689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3298\/5\/12\/131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["environments5120131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/environments5120131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3298"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3298","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]}}}