{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T04:35:29Z","timestamp":1771475729337,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine environmental pollution is a longstanding global problem and has a particular impact on the Bay of Bengal. Effluent from different sources directly enters rivers of the region and eventually flows into the Bay of Bengal. This effluent may contain radioactive materials and trace metals and pose a serious threat to the coastal environment, in addition to aquatic ecosystems. Using gamma spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry, a comprehensive study was carried out on the radioactivity (226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs) and trace metal (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Cr) concentrations, respectively, in fish and crustacean species collected from the coastal belt of the Bay of Bengal (Chattogram, Bangladesh). The analysis showed a noticeable increment in the levels of different radioactive pollutants in the marine samples, although the consumption of the studied fish and crustacean species should be considered safe for human health. Anthropogenic radionuclide (137Cs) was not detected in any sample. Furthermore, the metal concentrations of a small number of trace elements (Pb, Cd, Cr) were found to be higher in most of the samples, which indicates aquatic fauna are subject to pollution. The estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risk (TR) were calculated and compared with the permissible safety limits. It was found that consuming the seafood from the Bay of Bengal may cause adverse health impacts if consumption and\/or means of pollution are not controlled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments8020013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T17:20:38Z","timestamp":1613150438000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Assessment of the Levels of Pollution and of Their Risks by Radioactivity and Trace Metals on Marine Edible Fish and Crustaceans at the Bay of Bengal (Chattogram, Bangladesh)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5558-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna Prasad","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7680-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahadat","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic Energy Centre, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Chattogram 4209, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan"}]},{"given":"Nipa","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic Energy Centre, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Chattogram 4209, Bangladesh"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9766-0886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.K.M. Saiful Islam","family":"Bhuian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic Energy Centre, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Chattogram 4209, Bangladesh"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1970-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia C.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM-School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Shahadat","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic Energy Centre, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Chattogram 4209, Bangladesh"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Belal","family":"Hossen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555603","DOI":"10.19080\/OAJT.2018.03.555603","article-title":"Environmental pollution by heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystems of Egypt","volume":"3","author":"Ghorab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Marine boundary confirmation of Bangladesh: Potentials of sea resources and challenges ahead","volume":"43","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cost Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0464.98402","article-title":"Measurement of radioactivity and hence define the radiological risk associated with the Chittagong city site coastal sediment containing all types of wastes (mills, factories, industries, and municipalities) in Bangladesh","volume":"34","author":"Alam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4236\/ojms.2015.51006","article-title":"Pollution in the bay of Bengal: Impact on marine ecosystem","volume":"5","author":"Rashid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)85034-9","article-title":"Sources of radioactivity in the ocean environment: From low level waste to nuclear powered submarines","volume":"18","author":"Solomon","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04343-7","article-title":"Relationship between arsenic accumulation in tissues and hematological parameters in mullet caught in Faro Lake: A preliminary study","volume":"26","author":"Fazio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.05.051","article-title":"Trace metal concentrations in the muscle of seven marine species: Comparison between the Gulf of Lions (North-West Mediterranean Sea) and the Bay of Biscay (North-East Atlantic Ocean)","volume":"135","author":"Mille","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/08997659.2014.938872","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in blood and tissue of striped mullet in two italian lakes","volume":"26","author":"Fazio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1309538","article-title":"Mercury in fish products: What\u2019s the best for consumers between bluefin tuna and yellowfin tuna?","volume":"32","author":"Cammilleri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cammilleri, G., Galluzzo, F.G., Fazio, F., Pulvirenti, A., Vella, A., Dico, G.M.L., Macaluso, A., Ciaccio, G., and Ferrantelli, V. (2019). Mercury detection in benthic and pelagic fish collected from Western Sicily (Southern Italy). Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9090594"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.05.002","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the coastal Borneo (Malaysia) and health risk assessment","volume":"145","author":"Anandkumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandaker, M.U., Asaduzzaman, K., Nawi, S.M., Usman, A.R., Amin, Y.M., Daar, E., Bradley, D.A., Ahmed, H., and Okhunov, A.A. (2015). assessment of radiation and heavy metals risk due to the dietary intake of marine fishes (Rastrelliger kanagurta) from the straits of Malacca. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128790"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"429","article-title":"Elimination of essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Cd, Pb) metals from tissues of a freshwater fish Tilapia zilli","volume":"24","author":"Kalay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Turk. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.12.022","article-title":"Radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations of some commercial fish species consumed in the Black Sea Region of Turkey","volume":"87","author":"Gorur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.07.012","article-title":"Fish pollution with anthropogenic 137Cs in the southern Baltic Sea","volume":"90","author":"Zalewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(98)00049-6","article-title":"Comparison of results of Mussel Watch Programs of the United States and France with Worldwide Mussel Watch Studies","volume":"36","author":"Cantillo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyers, R.A. (2012). Radioactivity in the Marine Environment. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0851-3"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"44","article-title":"Heavy metal concentrations in some commercially important fishes and their contribution to heavy metals exposure in Palestinian people of Gaza Strip (Palestine)","volume":"13","author":"Elnabris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Arab. Univ. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.101386","article-title":"Elevated concentration of radioactive potassium in edible algae cultivated in Malaysian seas and estimation of ingestion dose to humans","volume":"38","author":"Khandaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"343","article-title":"Terrestrial radionuclides in surface (DAM) water and concomitant dose in metropolitan Kuala Lumpur","volume":"185","author":"Khandaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doulah, N.-U., Karim, M.R., Hossain, S., Deb, N., and Barua, B.S. (2017). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in surface and sub surface sediments of the coastal area of Kutubdia Island, Cox\u2019s Bazar, Bangladesh. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 4.","DOI":"10.4172\/2380-2391.1000213"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2017.89061","article-title":"Investigation of heavy metals and radionuclide\u2019s impact on environment due to the waste products of different iron processing industries in Chittagong, Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199567101699","article-title":"Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods including detection and quantification capabilities (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)","volume":"67","author":"Currie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., and Franson, M.A.H. (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association APHA. [22nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"350","article-title":"Estimation of annual effective dose to the adult Egyptian population due to natural radioactive elements in ingestion of spices","volume":"4","author":"Amin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"ICRP (1994). Dose Coefficents for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP. Publication 68."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2004.08.007","article-title":"Uptake and distribution of natural radioactivity in wheat plants from soil","volume":"79","author":"Pulhani","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"DoF (2018). Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics of Bangladesh 2017\u201318."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"28","article-title":"Determination of radionuclide concentrations, hazard indices and physiochemical parameters of water, fishes and sediments in River Kaduna, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Aliyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOSR J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"53","article-title":"Evaluation of natural radioactivity in a cultivated area around a fertilizer factory","volume":"3","author":"Diab","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Radiat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawel, D., Leggett, R.W., Eckerman, K.F., and Nelson, C.B. (2007). Uncertainties in Cancer Risk Coefficients for Environmental Exposure to Radionuclides. An Uncertainty Analysis for Risk Coefficients Reported in Federal Guidance Report No. 13, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.","DOI":"10.2172\/932607"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anucene.2014.09.036","article-title":"Uptake and distribution of natural radioactivity in rice from soil in north and west part of peninsular Malaysia for the estimation of ingestion dose to man","volume":"76","author":"Asaduzzaman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"BBS (2019). Statistical Year Book Bangladesh 2018."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncs328","article-title":"Age-dependent dose and health risk due to intake of uranium in drinking water from Jaduguda, India","volume":"155","author":"Patra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.05.040","article-title":"Seasonal investigation of heavy metals in marine fishes captured from the Bay of Bengal and the implications for human health risk assessment","volume":"70","author":"Saha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"403","article-title":"Concentrations and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fish from the Fosu Lagoon","volume":"8","author":"Akoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.02.016","article-title":"Dietary intake of trace elements from highly consumed cultured fish (Labeo rohita, Pangasius pangasius and Oreochromis mossambicus) and human health risk implications in Bangladesh","volume":"128","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(1989). USEPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund\u2014Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A)."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.09.044","article-title":"Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish","volume":"350","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2471-3","article-title":"Accumulation of heavy metals and human health risk assessment via the consumption of freshwater fish Mastacembelus armatus inhabiting, thermal power plant effluent loaded canal","volume":"5","author":"Javed","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15584","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121215005","article-title":"Heavy metal contamination in rice-producing soils of Hunan Province, China and potential health risks","volume":"12","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2020, December 17). Pollution of Karnafully River Water\u2014Causes, Effects and Recommendations. Available online: https:\/\/gspmarinebd.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/River.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2018.02.013","article-title":"The presence of radioactive materials in soil, sand and sediment samples of Potenga sea beach area, Chittagong, Bangladesh: Geological characteristics and environmental implication","volume":"8","author":"Yasmin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"IAEA (2004). Sediment Distribution Coefficients and Concentration Factors for Biota in the Marine Environment, IAEA. Technical Report No. 422."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.06.010","article-title":"Radionuclides in resident and migratory fishes of a wedge bank region: Estimation of dose to human beings, South India","volume":"64","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"438","article-title":"Estimation of annual dose rate of natural radionuclides in man from crabs in River Odeomi Ijebu waterside Ogun State Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Sowol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-8043(95)00013-4","article-title":"Radioactivity in marine fish of the Bay of Bengal","volume":"46","author":"Alam","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a033010","article-title":"Radiation dose estimation from the analysis of radionuclides in marine fish of the Bay of Bengal","volume":"87","author":"Ghose","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"39","article-title":"Study of the naturally occurring radionuclide concentrations and the estimation of dose rates for the samples collected from the St. Martin\u2019s Island, Chittagong, Bangladesh","volume":"2","author":"Kabir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials A"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.05.057","article-title":"Toxic metals in commercial marine fish in Oman with reference to national and international standards","volume":"85","author":"Yesudhason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2017.10.002","article-title":"Dietary intake of heavy metals from eight highly consumed species of cultured fish and possible human health risk implications in Bangladesh","volume":"4","author":"Ullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.4194\/1303-2712-v13_2_21","article-title":"Heavy metal concentration in fishes from the coastal waters of Kapar and Mersing, Malaysia","volume":"13","author":"Bashir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2018-4706-24","article-title":"Analysis of heavy metal accumulation in fish at terengganu coastal area, Malaysia","volume":"47","author":"Rosli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2015.b85","article-title":"Heavy metal and trace element contents in edible muscle of three commercial fish species, and assessment of possible risks associated with their human consumption in Saudi Arabia","volume":"2","author":"Abdelghany","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2011.08.027","article-title":"Determination of inorganic trace elements in edible marine fish from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Medeiros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"20","article-title":"Heavy Metal Concentrations in Three Commercial Fish Species in Cuddalore Coast, Tamil Nadu, India","volume":"2","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-010-0102-1","article-title":"Level of heavy metals in some edible marine fishes of mangrove dominated tropical estuarine areas of Hooghly river, North East Coast of Bay of Bengal, India","volume":"85","author":"De","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"81","article-title":"Distribution of heavy metals in valuable coastal fishes from North East Coast of India","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(91)90255-D","article-title":"Trace metals in tropical marine fish from the Bay of Bengal","volume":"107","author":"Sharif","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(93)90417-5","article-title":"Trace element concentrations in tropical marine fish from the Bay of Bengal","volume":"138","author":"Sharif","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(87)90362-7","article-title":"Trace elements in marine fish from the Bay of Bengal","volume":"61","author":"Khan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3298\/8\/2\/13\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:23:05Z","timestamp":1760160185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3298\/8\/2\/13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["environments8020013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/environments8020013","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3298"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3298","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]}}}