{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T19:59:35Z","timestamp":1775851175751,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiologia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fear of crime is an important public health problem that impacts people\u2019s quality of life, health, and wellbeing, and causes mental health ailments (e.g., anxiety). This study aimed to determine whether there was an association between fear of crime, educational attainment, and self-rated health and anxiety among women residing in a county in east-central Sweden. A sample (n = 3002) of women aged 18\u201384 years surveyed in the Health on Equal Terms survey carried out in 2018 was included in the study. Bivariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed on the relationship between the composite variables fear of crime, educational attainment, and self-rated health and anxiety. Women with primary education or similar who reported fear of crime had increased odds of poor health (odds ratio (OR) 3.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.40\u20134.18) compared with women with primary education\/similar and no fear of crime (OR 2.90; CI 1.90\u20133.20). A statistically significant relationship persisted in the multivariate analysis after controlling for other covariates, although the odds were reduced (OR 1.70; CI 1.14\u20132.53 and 1.73; CI 1.21\u20132.48, respectively). Similarly, in the bivariate analysis, women who reported fear of crime and who only had primary education had statistically significant odds of anxiety (OR 2.12; CI 1.64\u20132.74); the significance was removed, and the odds were reduced (OR 1.30; CI 0.93\u20131.82) after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related covariates. Women with only primary education or similar who reported fear of crime had higher odds of poor health and anxiety compared with those with university education or similar, with and without fear of crime. Future studies (including longitudinal ones) are warranted\u2014on the one hand, to understand possible mechanisms of the relationship between educational attainment and fear of crime and its consequences to health, and on the other, to explore low-educated women\u2019s own perceptions regarding factors underlining their fear of crime (qualitative studies).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/epidemiologia4020016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T01:36:27Z","timestamp":1682991387000},"page":"148-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Association between Fear of Crime, Educational Attainment, and Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Macassa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Occupational and Health Sciences, University of G\u00e4vle, 80176 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"},{"name":"EPI Unit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8215-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cormac","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6067-3520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Wijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University, 80187 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Health Sciences and Psychology, University of G\u00e4vle, 80176 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7558-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamunur","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Occupational and Health Sciences, University of G\u00e4vle, 80176 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sofie","family":"Hisw\u00e5ls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Occupational and Health Sciences, University of G\u00e4vle, 80176 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5221-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Mid-Sweden University, 85170 Sundsvall, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, J., Farrall, S., and Gray, E. 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