{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:40:16Z","timestamp":1762353616526,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P., Portugal I&amp;D project CLEANFOREST","award":["PCIF\/GVB\/0167\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/GVB\/0167\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ESA"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a study on the addition of liquefied biomass of different lignocellulosic forest residues as a means to enhance the co-electrolysis process leading to the production of synthesis gas, composed of H2, CO, CO2, and O2, also known as syngas, with the aim of a subsequent conversion into methane and methanol. Tests were made on a 1 kW prototype unit and showed that the use of liquefied biomass clearly enhances the reaction leading to syngas production. The optimisation study performed showed that the best results are obtained with an addition of 2.5% mass of liquefied biomass obtained from Acacia melanoxylon and operating conditions of a pressure of 4 bar gauge and a temperature of 110 \u00b0C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/esa2010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T03:41:57Z","timestamp":1739331717000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utilisation of Liquefied Biomass in Water Co-Electrolysis for the Production of Synthesis Gas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8335-1335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Cabrita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSYF, Equipamentos para Energia, Lda., R. S. Sebasti\u00e3o, 11, 2500-064 Fanadia-Caldas da Rainha, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSYF, Equipamentos para Energia, Lda., R. S. Sebasti\u00e3o, 11, 2500-064 Fanadia-Caldas da Rainha, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2763-3655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Puna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2579-6669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"bp Statistical Review (2025, February 06). Statistical Review of World Energy Globally Consistent Data. Available online: https:\/\/www.bp.com\/content\/dam\/bp\/business-sites\/en\/global\/corporate\/pdfs\/energy-economics\/statistical-review\/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., and Fu, Q. (2020). The influence of financial development on energy consumption: Worldwide evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041428"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111180","article-title":"Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges","volume":"146","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyeakale, J., Petrollese, M., Tola, V., and Cau, G. (2020). Impacts of renewable energy resources on effectiveness of grid-integrated systems: Succint review of current challenges and potential solution strategies. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13184856"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Basile, A., and Iulianelli, A. (2014). Hydrogen production by water electrolysis. Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage and Distribution, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.10.127","article-title":"An overview of water electrolysis technologies for green hydrogen production","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.09.057","article-title":"Green hydrogen production: Analysis for different single or combined large-scale photovoltaic and wind renewable systems","volume":"200","author":"Mazzeo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2017.09.019","article-title":"Recent advances in the investigation of nanoeffects of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts","volume":"311","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Moulijn, J.A., Makkee, M., and Van Diepen, A.E. (2013). Chemical Process Technology, Wiley. [2nd]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F971","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0581913jes","article-title":"High-Temperature Co-Electrolysis: A Versatile Method to Sustainably Produce Tailored Syngas Compositions","volume":"13","author":"Dittrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00403B","article-title":"A review of high temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 to produce sustainable fuels using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs): Advanced materials and technology","volume":"46","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2020.100237","article-title":"Electrosynthesis of Syngas via the Co-Reduction of CO2 and H2O","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.07.030","article-title":"Co-electrolysis for power-to-methane applications","volume":"95","author":"Andika","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2017.04.004","article-title":"Electrochemical reduction of CO2 in solid oxide electrolysis cells","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2017.07.003","article-title":"Co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O in high temperature solid oxide electrolysis cells: Recent advances in cathodes","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2013). Bten\u00e7\u00e3o de G\u00e1s de S\u00edntese por Eletr\u00f3lise Alcalina da \u00c1gua (Standard No. Patente Portuguesa 106779T). (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.06.048","article-title":"Production of renewable synthetic fuels from electricity using the ELECTROFUEL\u00ae concept","volume":"89","author":"Guerra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.11.033","article-title":"Synthesis gas production from water electrolysis, using the Electrocracking concept","volume":"6","author":"Guerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, A., Puna, J., Guerra, L., Rodrigues, J., Gomes, J., Santos, M., and Alves, D. (2019). Towards the Development of Syngas\/Biomethane Electrolytic Production, Using Liquefied Biomass and Heterogeneous Catalyst. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12193787"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, J., Puna, J., Marques, A., Gominho, J., Louren\u00e7o, A., Galhano, R., and Ozkan, S. (2022). Clean Forest\u2013Project concept and early results. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15249294"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FD00017C","article-title":"Syngas production by high temperature steam\/CO2 co-electrolysis using solid oxide electrolysis cells","volume":"182","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.12.066","article-title":"Methane production by a combined Sabatier reaction\/water electrolysis process","volume":"6","author":"Guerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.04.063","article-title":"Sonication as a foremost tool to improve cork liquefaction","volume":"74","author":"Mateus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozkan, S., Sousa, H., Gon\u00e7alves, D., Puna, J., Carvalho, A., Bordado, J., Santos, R., and Gomes, J. (2024). Unlocking Nature\u2019s Potential: Modelling Acacia Melanoxylon as a Renewable Resource for Bio-Oil Production through Thermochemical Liquefaction. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/en17194899"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2021.100795","article-title":"Recent advances in paired electrolysis of biomass-derived compounds toward cogeneration of value-added chemicals and fuels","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2023.117135","article-title":"Synchronous bio-oil upgrading and CO2 fixation by co-electrolysis","volume":"288","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."}],"container-title":["Energy Storage and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/3042-4011\/2\/1\/2\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:31:43Z","timestamp":1760027503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/3042-4011\/2\/1\/2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["esa2010002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/esa2010002","relation":{},"ISSN":["3042-4011"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"3042-4011"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]}}}