{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:37:53Z","timestamp":1770273473320,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,12]],"date-time":"2020-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Phytophthora Research Centre, Czech Ministry for Education, Youth and Sports and the European Regional Development Fund","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/15_003\/0000453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/15_003\/0000453"]}]},{"name":"POnTE (Pest Organisms Threatening Europe), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["635646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["635646"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA)","award":["K101914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K101914"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2016 and 2017, surveys of Phytophthora diversity were performed in 25 natural and semi-natural forest stands and 16 rivers in temperate and subtropical montane and tropical lowland regions of Vietnam. Using baiting assays from soil samples and rivers and direct isolations from naturally fallen leaves, 13 described species, five informally designated taxa and 21 previously unknown taxa of Phytophthora were isolated from 58 of the 91 soil samples (63.7%) taken from the rhizosphere of 52 of the 64 woody plant species sampled (81.3%) in 20 forest stands (83.7%), and from all rivers: P. capensis, P. citricola VII, VIII, IX, X and XI, P. sp. botryosa-like 2, P. sp. meadii-like 1 and 2, P. sp. tropicalis-like 2 and P. sp. multivesiculata-like 1 from Phytophthora major phylogenetic Clade 2; P. castaneae and P. heveae from Clade 5; P. chlamydospora, P. gregata, P. sp. bitahaiensis-like and P. sp. sylvatica-like 1, 2 and 3 from Clade 6; P. cinnamomi (Pc), P. parvispora, P. attenuata, P. sp. attenuata-like 1, 2 and 3 and P. \u00d7heterohybrida from Clade 7; P. drechsleri, P. pseudocryptogea, P. ramorum (Pr) and P. sp. kelmania from Clade 8, P. macrochlamydospora, P. sp. \u00d7insolita-like, P. sp. \u00d7kunnunara-like, P. sp. \u00d7virginiana-like s.l. and three new taxa, P. sp. quininea-like, P. sp. \u00d7Grenada 3-like and P. sp. \u00d7Peru 4-like, from Clade 9; and P. sp. gallica-like 1 and 2 from Clade 10. The A1 and A2 mating types of both Pc and Pr co-occurred. The A2 mating type of Pc was associated with severe dieback of montane forests in northern Vietnam. Most other Phytophthora species, including Pr, were not associated with obvious disease symptoms. It is concluded that (1) Vietnam is within the center of origin of most Phytophthora taxa found including Pc and Pr, and (2) Phytophthora clades 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are native to Indochina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f11010093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T04:05:51Z","timestamp":1578888351000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["A Survey in Natural Forest Ecosystems of Vietnam Reveals High Diversity of both New and Described Phytophthora Taxa including P. ramorum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2034-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, Am Rain 9, 83131 Nu\u00dfdorf, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0690-580X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Scanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia vegetale ed Entomologia (SPaVE), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Clive","family":"Brasier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4259-5546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Webber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2792-0221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Milenkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Corcobado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9505-6175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Tom\u0161ovsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7278-7207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mat\u011bj","family":"P\u00e1nek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Crop Research Institute, Drnovsk\u00e1 507\/73, 16106 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"Bakonyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ott\u00f3 \u00fat 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Ba\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Raco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8578-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"P\u00e9rez-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2219-8647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00edlia","family":"Horta Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, Am Rain 9, 83131 Nu\u00dfdorf, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01482.x","article-title":"Evidence for Phytophthora cinnamomi involvement in Iberian oak decline","volume":"42","author":"Brasier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Erwin, D.C., and Ribeiro, O.K. 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