{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T03:28:05Z","timestamp":1768274885373,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006533","name":"Ministerstvo Zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO 0418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO 0418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006533","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research Highlights: This study assesses the genetic diversity and structure of the ice-cream-bean (Inga edulis Mart.; Fabaceae) in wild and cultivated populations from the Peruvian Amazon. This research also highlights the importance of protecting the biodiversity of the forest in the Peruvian Amazon, to preserve the genetic resources of species and allow further genetic improvement. Background and Objectives: Ice-cream-bean is one of the most commonly used species in the Amazon region for its fruits and for shading protection of other species (e.g., cocoa and coffee plantations). Comprehensive studies about the impact of domestication on this species\u2019 genetic diversity are needed, to find the best conservation and improvement strategies. Materials and Methods: In the current study, the genetic structure and diversity were assessed by genotyping 259 trees, sampled in five wild and 22 cultivated I. edulis populations in the Peruvian Amazon, with microsatellite markers. Pod length was measured in wild and cultivated trees. Results: The average pod length in cultivated trees was significantly higher than that in wild trees. The expected genetic diversity and the average number of alleles was higher in the wild compared to the cultivated populations; thus, a loss of genetic diversity was confirmed in the cultivated populations. The cultivated trees in the Loreto region had the highest pod length and lowest allelic richness; nevertheless, the wild populations\u2019 genetic structure was not clearly differentiated (significantly different) from that of the cultivated populations. Conclusions: A loss of genetic diversity was confirmed in the cultivated populations. The species could have been simultaneously domesticated in multiple locations, usually from local origin. The original I. edulis Amazonian germplasm should be maintained. Cultivated populations\u2019 new germplasm influx from wild populations should be undertaken to increase genetic diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f11060655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T04:19:39Z","timestamp":1591676379000},"page":"655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Genetic Structure and Pod Morphology of Inga edulis Cultivated vs. Wild Populations from the Peruvian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9258-9144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandr","family":"Rollo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Forest AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Crop Research Institute, Drnovsk\u00e1 507\/73, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4684-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria M.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Forest Research Center, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9503-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita L.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV, Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P., Av. Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3743-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9845-7997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoyla M.","family":"Clavo P.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVITA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr. Daniel Alcides Carri\u00f3n 319, Pucallpa, Ucayali 25001, Peru"}]},{"given":"Bohumil","family":"Mand\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7078-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Kalousov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Forest AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Students for the Living Amazon o.p.s., N\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrany 984\/18, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Vebrov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Forest AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Students for the Living Amazon o.p.s., N\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrany 984\/18, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Edilberto","family":"Chuqulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad National Agraria de la Selva, Carratera Central km 1.21, Tingo Mar\u00eda 10131, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3222-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio G.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad National Agraria de la Selva, Carratera Central km 1.21, Tingo Mar\u00eda 10131, Peru"},{"name":"ONG Students for the Living Amazon Per\u00fa, Jr Uruguay, m\/d, lote 18, Yarinacocha, Ucayali 25000, Peru"}]},{"given":"Roel M. V.","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Ucayali, Car. Federico Basadre Km 6.2, Pucallpa, Ucayali 25004, Peru"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Hlavsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5059-1975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohdan","family":"Lojka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Forest AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Impact of Climate Change on Wildlife and Indigenous Communities in Flooded Forests of the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"Volume 89","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lima Declaration on Biodiversity and Climate Change: Contributions from Science to Policy for Sustainable Development"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levis, C., Flores, B.M., Moreira, P.A., Luize, B.G., Alves, R.P., Franco-Moraes, J., Lins, J., Konings, E., Pe\u00f1a-Claros, M., and Bongers, F. 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