{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:46:55Z","timestamp":1762325215563,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tree growth takes place at different time scales ranging from hours to days. To understand growth responses to climate, continuous high-resolution measurements of tree diameter variations are needed, which are usually obtained with automatic dendrometers. Here, we monitored stem diameter increment of Quercus faginea Lambert growing in central Portugal to determine the effect of climate on daily and seasonal growth dynamics during the 2013 growing season. Stem diameter variation presented a unimodal seasonal pattern characterized by an exponential phase in spring followed by a plateau during summer, interrupted by an abrupt increase in autumn caused by rainfall. Stem diameter increment started in March when the temperature was above 10 \u00b0C. Stem diameter variation showed a double climatic constrain, with temperature limiting growth in spring and precipitation in summer. The amplitude of the daily cycles of stem variation was higher in summer, as well as the expansion phase length, meaning that trees needed longer to replenish the water lost through transpiration during the day. The absence of a pronounced stem shrinkage during the summer suggests that Q. faginea has access to water over the whole growing season. Our results indicate that this species relies on deep soil water reserves and can be physiologically active during summer drought.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f13020170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:32:52Z","timestamp":1642969972000},"page":"170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Environment Controls Seasonal and Daily Cycles of Stem Diameter Variations in Portuguese Oak (Quercus faginea Lambert)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1021-4101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6022-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Campelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Nabais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fritts, H.C. (1976). Tree Rings and Climate, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20645","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007058117","article-title":"Photoperiod and temperature as dominant environmental drivers triggering secondary growth resumption in Northern Hemisphere conifers","volume":"117","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14539","article-title":"Chilling and forcing temperatures interact to predict the onset of wood formation in Northern Hemisphere conifers","volume":"25","author":"Delpierre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01660.x","article-title":"Conifers in cold environments synchronize maximum growth rate of tree-ring formation with day length","volume":"170","author":"Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00090","article-title":"Tree growth under climate change: Evidence from xylogenesis timings and kinetics","volume":"11","author":"Vieira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-003-0260-4","article-title":"Daily weather response of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stem radius increment from dendrometer analysis in the boreal forests of Qu\u00e9bec (Canada)","volume":"17","author":"Deslauriers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj125","article-title":"Intra-annual radial growth and water relations of trees: Implications towards a growth mechanism","volume":"57","author":"Zweifel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2009.06.008","article-title":"The use of precision dendrometers in research on daily stem size and wood property variation: A review","volume":"27","author":"Drew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-011-0540-3","article-title":"Climate controls act at different scales on the seasonal pattern of Quercus ilex L. stem radial increments in NE Spain","volume":"25","author":"Campelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/21.12-13.889","article-title":"Tree stem diameter variations and transpiration in Scots pine: An analysis using a dynamic sap flow model","volume":"21","author":"Nikinmaa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1071\/FP13240","article-title":"Xylem as the main origin of stem radius changes in Eucalyptus","volume":"41","author":"Zweifel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.108026","article-title":"Hygroscopic properties of thin dead outer bark layers strongly influence stem diameter variations on short and long time scales in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)","volume":"290","author":"Oberhuber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpv080","article-title":"Stem diameter variations as a versatile research tool in ecophysiology","volume":"35","author":"Vandegehuchte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s004250050149","article-title":"Continuous measurements of water tensions in the xylem of trees based on the elastic properties of wood","volume":"202","author":"Irvine","year":"1997","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/28.3.469","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of stem expansion and contraction in savanna trees: Withdrawal and recharge of stored water","volume":"28","author":"Scholz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2007.05.003","article-title":"Dendrometer and intra-annual tree growth: What kind of information can be inferred?","volume":"25","author":"Deslauriers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17552","article-title":"Why trees grow at night","volume":"231","author":"Zweifel","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/27.2.181","article-title":"Tree water storage and its diurnal dynamics related to sap flow and changes in stem volume in old-growth Douglas-fir trees","volume":"27","author":"Bauerle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.2002.00884.x","article-title":"Time lags for xylem and stem diameter variations in a Scots pine tree","volume":"25","author":"Sevanto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/21.12-13.869","article-title":"Link between diurnal stem radius changes and tree water relations","volume":"21","author":"Zweifel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s004680000072","article-title":"Stem radius changes and their relation to stored water in stems of young Norway spruce trees","volume":"15","author":"Zweifel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.06.009","article-title":"Seasonal and daily cycles of stem radial variation of Pinus pinaster in a drought-prone environment","volume":"180","author":"Vieira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"36","article-title":"Climatic drivers of hourly to yearly tree radius variations along a 6 \u00b0C natural warming gradient. Agric","volume":"168","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., P\u00e9an, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., and Chen, Y. (2021). IPCC Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-013-0499-2","article-title":"EURO-CORDEX: New high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research","volume":"14","author":"Jacob","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpv107","article-title":"Leaf morphological and physiological adaptations of a deciduous oak (Quercus faginea Lam.) to the Mediterranean climate: A comparison with a closely related temperate species (Quercus robur L.)","volume":"36","author":"Flexas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00135","article-title":"Size matters a lot: Drought-affected Italian oaks are smaller and show lower growth prior to tree death","volume":"8","author":"Colangelo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/23.14.987","article-title":"Stomatal responses to drought at a Mediterranean site: A comparative study of co-occurring woody species differing in leaf longevity","volume":"23","author":"Mediavilla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-009-9584-5","article-title":"Present and future extension of the Iberian submediterranean territories as determined from the distribution of marcescent oaks","volume":"204","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-00000067","article-title":"Age trends in the wood anatomy of Quercus faginea","volume":"35","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"IAWA J."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2022, January 16). Direc\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral Do Territ\u00f3rio Uso E Ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o Do Solo Em Portugal Continental\u2014An\u00e1lise Tem\u00e1tica I, Available online: https:\/\/www.dgterritorio.gov.pt\/sites\/default\/files\/publicacoes\/folheto_cos_lq.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Silva, J.S. (2007). A distribui\u00e7\u00e3o do carvalho-portug\u00eas em Portugal. \u00c1rvores E Florestas De Potugal\u2014Os Carvalhais, Um Patrim\u00f3nio A Conservar, P\u00fablico\/FLAD\/LPN."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, J., Campelo, F., Rossi, S., Carvalho, A., Freitas, H., and Nabais, C. (2015). Adjustment capacity of maritime pine cambial activity in drought-prone environments. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126223"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2021.125836","article-title":"Plastic bimodal growth in a Mediterranean mixed-forest of Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis","volume":"67","author":"Campelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpz099","article-title":"Climatic and physiological regulation of the bimodal xylem formation pattern in Pinus pinaster saplings","volume":"39","author":"Vieira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2018.03.001","article-title":"The facultative bimodal growth pattern in Quercus ilex\u2014A simple model to predict sub-seasonal and inter-annual growth","volume":"49","author":"Campelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108606","article-title":"Climate windows of intra-annual growth and post-drought recovery in Mediterranean trees","volume":"308\u2013309","author":"Camarero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12789","article-title":"Environmental conditions and vascular cambium regulate carbon allocation to xylem growth in deciduous oaks","volume":"31","author":"Olano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"102","article-title":"Daily stem growth patterns in irrigated Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens in relation to climate","volume":"14","author":"Downes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2016.06.001","article-title":"dendrometeR: Analyzing the pulse of trees in R","volume":"40","author":"Rossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-006-0625-7","article-title":"Evidence of threshold temperatures for xylogenesis in conifers at high altitudes","volume":"152","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcl050","article-title":"Effect of local heating and cooling on cambial activity and cell differentiation in the stem of norway spruce (Picea abies)","volume":"97","author":"Koch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-013-0341-5","article-title":"Xylogenesis of Pinus pinaster under a Mediterranean climate","volume":"71","author":"Vieira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2012.01663.x","article-title":"Regulation of cambial activity in relation to environmental conditions: Understanding the role of temperature in wood formation of trees","volume":"147","author":"Begum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-013-0905-x","article-title":"Comparative cambial dynamics and phenology of Quercus robur L. and Q. pyrenaica Willd. in an Atlantic forest of the northwestern Iberian Peninsula","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-014-0351-x","article-title":"Differential impact of the most extreme drought event over the last half century on growth and sap flow in two coexisting Mediterranean trees","volume":"215","author":"Forner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-014-0857-8","article-title":"Influence of species interactions on transpiration of Mediterranean tree species during a summer drought","volume":"134","author":"Grossiord","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00736.x","article-title":"Changes in leaf hydraulic conductance during leaf shedding in seasonally dry tropical forest","volume":"158","author":"Brodribb","year":"2003","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015192522354","article-title":"Changes in stem and leaf hydraulics preceding leaf shedding in Castanea Sativa L.","volume":"45","author":"Salleo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-90000360","article-title":"Effects of a severe drought on growth and wood anatomical properties of Quercus faginea","volume":"25","author":"Corcuera","year":"2004","journal-title":"IAWA J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2011.01.002","article-title":"Vessel formation in relation to leaf phenology in pedunculate oak and European ash","volume":"29","author":"Sabajo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/23.12.859","article-title":"Temporal water deficit and wood formation in Cryptomeria japonica","volume":"23","author":"Abe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2112211-12076","article-title":"Din\u00e1mica estacional del crecimiento secundario y anatom\u00eda del xilema en dos Quercus mediterr\u00e1neos que coexisten","volume":"21","author":"Albuixech","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Silva, J. (2007). Biologia e ecologia das florestas de carvalho-portug\u00eas. \u00c1rvores E Florestas De Potugal\u2014Os Carvalhais, Um Patrim\u00f3nio A Conservar, P\u00fablico\/FLAD\/LPN."}],"container-title":["Forests"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/13\/2\/170\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:05:56Z","timestamp":1760133956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/13\/2\/170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["f13020170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f13020170","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4907"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4907"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]}}}