{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:01:58Z","timestamp":1767772918569,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The success of forest management towards achieving desired outcomes depends on various factors and can be improved through forest planning based on optimization approaches. Regardless of the owner type (state, private or common land) and\/or governance model, the number of owners or management bodies considered in most studies is low, typically involving one owner\/management body or a very small group. This study extends the approach of formulating a Forest Management Plan (FMP) to a large forest area, consisting of areas with different management bodies. The FMP model returns the harvest schedule that maximizes the volume of wood harvested during the planning horizon, while ensuring (1) sustainability and environmental constraints at the overall scale and (2) independent revenues for each management body. The FMP is tested in a real forested area, consisting of 22 common lands, governed by local communities for a planning period of 30 years. The results show that our approach is appropriate for several management bodies. When evaluating the impact of grouping areas (and their owner bodies) on the total volume removed, a comparison of the FMP model with an alternative model that allows for independent management (FMP-IND) showed significant differences, in terms of total volume removed at the end of the horizon. Global management leads to a reduction of about 8.6% in the total removed volume; however, it will ensure a heritage of well-diversified stands, in terms of age classes. The results highlight the importance of managing multi-stakeholder forest areas as a whole, instead of being managed independently, if the aim is to assure more sustainable management of forest resources in the mid and long term.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f13030471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:26:22Z","timestamp":1647811582000},"page":"471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimization of Forest Management in Large Areas Arising from Grouping of Several Management Bodies: An Application in Northern Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4573-5452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Cabral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Office, CAPOLIB, 5460-320 Boticas, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6269-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa Fidalgo","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry Sciences and Landscape Architecture (CIFAP), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7494-6566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelaide","family":"Cerveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, INESC\u2013TEC Technology and Science (Formerly INESC Porto, UTAD Pole), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2012212-02879","article-title":"An integer programming model for a forest harvest problem in Pinus pinaster Stands","volume":"21","author":"Fonseca","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.06.018","article-title":"Conflicting objectives in production forest pose a challenge for forest management","volume":"28","author":"Pohjanmies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.04.052","article-title":"A multicriteria optimization model for sustainable forest management under climate change uncertainty: An application in Portugal","volume":"269","author":"Weintraub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, P., Cerveira, A., Ka\u0161par, J., Maru\u0161\u00e1k, R., and Fonseca, T.F. (2021). Forest Management of Pinus pinaster Ait. in Unbalanced Forest Structures Arising from Disturbances\u2014A Framework Proposal of Decision Support Systems (DSS). Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12081031"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Clutter, J.L., Fortson, J.C., Pienaar, L.V., Brister, G.H., and Baily, R.L. (1983). Timber Management: A Quantitative Approach, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"45","article-title":"Spatial restrictions in harvest scheduling","volume":"45","author":"Murray","year":"1999","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Martins, I., Constantino, M., and Borges, J.G. (1999). Forest Management Models with Spatial Structure Constraints, CIO\/Faculdade de Ciencias de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"631","article-title":"Harvest scheduling with area-based adjacency constraints","volume":"48","author":"McDill","year":"2002","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"779","article-title":"Scale and unit specification influences in harvest scheduling with maximum area restrictions","volume":"48","author":"Murray","year":"2002","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1139\/x03-101","article-title":"Solving the area-restricted harvest-scheduling model using the branch and bound algorithm","volume":"33","author":"Crowe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2003.07.021","article-title":"A column generation approach for solving a non-temporal forest harvest model with spatial structure constraints","volume":"161","author":"Martins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1040.0169","article-title":"Harvest scheduling subject to maximum area restrictions: Exploring exact approaches","volume":"53","author":"Goycoolea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.09.016","article-title":"Improving computational capabilities for adressing volume constraints in forest harvest scheduling problems","volume":"176","author":"Vielma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1070.0472","article-title":"A new mixed-integer programming model for harvest scheduling subject to maximum area restrictions","volume":"56","author":"Constantino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"149","article-title":"Evaluating approaches for solving the area restricted model in harvest scheduling","volume":"55","author":"Goycoolea","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10589-010-9347-1","article-title":"A branch-and-price approach for harvest scheduling subject to maximum area restrictions","volume":"51","author":"Martins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Optim. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2015.1089931","article-title":"Effects of site productivity on forest harvest scheduling subject to green-up and maximum area restrictions","volume":"31","author":"Borges","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scan. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hoen, H.F., and Eid, T. (1990). A Model for Analysis of Treatment Strategies for a Forest Applying Standvice Simulations and Linear Programming, Norwegian Forest Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.04.036","article-title":"A forest optimisation model including carbon flows: Application to a forest in Norway","volume":"258","author":"Raymeret","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"219","article-title":"Design of regular landscape fuel treatment patterns for modifying fire growth and behavior","volume":"47","author":"Finney","year":"2001","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-018-9642-2","article-title":"A landscape-scale optimisation model to break the hazardous fuel continuum while maintaining habitat quality","volume":"24","author":"Reijnders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Assess."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn, J.G., and Diez Casero, J.J. (2012). Models to Implement a Sustainable Forest Management\u2014An Overview of the ModisPinaster Model. Sustainable Forest Management\/Book 1, InTech-Open Access Publisher."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simos, T.E., Psihoyios, G., Tsitouras, C., and Anastassi, Z. (2011). An Integer Programming Model for the Management of a Forest in the North of Portugal. Numerical Analysis Applied Mathematics ICNAAM 2011: International Conference on Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics, AIP.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3636658"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2015.03.001","article-title":"GIS tool for optimization of forest harvest-scheduling","volume":"113","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ramos, R.A.R., Straupe, I., and Panagopoulos, T. (2012, January 2\u20134). Sustainable Management of a Northern Portugal Forest, Recent Re-searches in Environment, Energy Systems and Sustainability. Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on EEESD\u201912, Faro, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2021, December 04). Government of Portugal, Available online: https:\/\/www.portugal.gov.pt\/en\/gc21\/comunicacao\/noticia?i=government-finances-criacao-de-agrupamentos-de-baldios."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Fonseca, T.F. (2004). Modeling the Growth, Mortality and Diametric Distribution of Maritime Pine Forest in the T\u00e2mega Valley (Modela\u00e7\u00e3o do Crescimento, Mortalidade e Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o Diam\u00e9trica do Pinhal Bravo no Vale do T\u00e2mega). [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"ICNF (2021, December 07). Portugal Perfil Florestal. Available online: https:\/\/fronteirasxxi.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ICNF_Perfil-Florestal_v31_01_2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Bica, A., and Carvalho, A. (2021). Os Baldios e o Regime Florestal\u2014Uma Quest\u00e3o a Resolver, BALADI\u2014Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional dos Baldios."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"126","article-title":"Gest\u00e3o dos terrenos comunit\u00e1rios. An\u00e1lise dos planos de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o dos baldios","volume":"28","author":"Skulska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Silva Lusit."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"185","article-title":"Propriedade da terra e pol\u00edtica florestal em Portugal","volume":"11","author":"Coelho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Silva Lusit."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"PERUVB (2016). Programa Estrat\u00e9gico de Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o Urbana da Vila de Botica\u2014Relat\u00f3rio de Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Diagn\u00f3stico, Sociedade Portuguesa de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Atlas do Ambiente (2021, October 14). Atlas Digital do Ambiente. Ag\u00eancia Portuguesa do Ambiente. SNIAmb. Informa\u00e7\u00e3o Geogr\u00e1fica. Available online: https:\/\/sniamb.apambiente.pt\/content\/geo-visualizador?language=pt-pt."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Aranha, J.T. (1998). Na Integrated Geographical Information System for the Vale do Alto T\u00e2mega (GISVAT). [Ph.D. Thesis, Kinston University]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Marques, C.P., Fonseca, T.F., Aranha, J.T., Duarte, J.P.C., Ribeiro, E.L., Duro, M.R., and Br\u00e1s, M.J. (2000). Ordenamento de Povoamentos de Pinheiro-Bravo na Regi\u00e3o do Alto T\u00e2mega, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Relat\u00f3rio Final do Projeto PAMAF 4004."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"ICNF (2019). Programa Regional de Ordenamento Florestal de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro-Cap\u00edtulos A, B e C, ICNF. Documento Estrat\u00e9gico."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"627","article-title":"Perfecting a stand-density index for even aged forests","volume":"46","author":"Reineke","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"758","article-title":"Numerical expression of stocking in terms of height","volume":"44","author":"Wilson","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-011-0140-9","article-title":"Capsis: An open software framework and com-munity for forest growth modelling","volume":"69","author":"Courbaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Mota, A.A.R. (2011). Exploitation Plan for Pinus pinaster Ait. in the Ribeira de Pena Forest Reserve, Barroso Forested Area (Plano de Explora\u00e7\u00e3o para Pinus pinaster Ait. dos Baldios de Ribeira de Pena, Perimetro Florestal do Barroso). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, C., Sousa, A., and Malico, I. (2021). Management of Maritime Pine: Energetic Potential with Alternative Silvicultural Guidelines. Forest Biomass\u2014From Trees to Energy, InTech-Open Access Publisher.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.90324"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor2173-010","article-title":"A silvicultural stand density model to control understory in maritine pine stands","volume":"10","author":"Fonseca","year":"2017","journal-title":"iFlorest"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:2004077","article-title":"The allometric model in the stand density management of Pinus pinaster in Portugal","volume":"61","author":"Luis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc61023-1","article-title":"A practical approach to density management","volume":"61","author":"Long","year":"1985","journal-title":"For. Chron."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Wackerly, D., Mendenhall, W., and Scheaffer, R.L. (1996). Mathematical Statistics with Application, Duxbury Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enes, T., Lousada, J., Aranha, J., Cerveira, A., Alegria, C., and Fonseca, T. (2019). Size_Density Trajectory in Regenerated Maritime Pine Stands after Fire. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10121057"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-013-0350-4","article-title":"Using density management diagrams to assess crown fire potential in Pinus pinaster Ait stands","volume":"71","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"FAO (2012). Review of Forest Owners\u2019 Organizations in Selected Eastern European Countries, FAO. Forestry Policy and Institutions Working Paper No. 3."}],"container-title":["Forests"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/13\/3\/471\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:38:40Z","timestamp":1760135920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/13\/3\/471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["f13030471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f13030471","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4907"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4907"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]}}}