{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:07:14Z","timestamp":1760148434595,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT researcher contract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"contract DL","award":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"]}]},{"name":"project CertFor","award":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.09115.PTDC","EXPL\/ASP-SIL\/1259\/2021","CEECIND\/02735\/2018","57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT0030","PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/31253\/2017","UIDB\/00239\/2020","UID\/BIA\/50027\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mediterranean ecosystems are threatened by climate change and shrub encroachment. An increase in shrub cover can intensify the competition for water, aggravating the impacts of drought on ecosystem functioning. The effects of shrubs can be positive or negative, depending on the shrub species and density. We used a Mediterranean cork oak (Quercus suber) woodland to investigate the effects of increasing gum rockrose (Cistus ladanifer) cover on leaf carbon assimilation (Amax) and tree growth. The experiment consisted of a gradient of shrub cover, with four treatments: control, LD, MD, and HD, with 0%, 25%, 45%, and maximum shrub cover (&gt;90%), respectively. Increasing shrub cover significantly decreased Amax in trees from HD (\u221215%) compared to control treatment, with intermediate effects on trees from LD (\u22125%) and MD (\u221212%). There was a large variability in tree growth, resulting in no significant effects of shrub cover, despite higher trunk diameter relative increments in LD (+40%), and lower in MD (\u221217%) and HD (\u221232%) compared to the control. The results indicate that a dense shrub cover (&gt;90%) affected cork oak carbon assimilation and growth, while a low-to-medium shrub cover (\u226445%) only induced mild intermediate effects. This information is important for the effective management of shrub density to improve the health and productivity of cork oak woodlands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f14050960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T04:04:48Z","timestamp":1683518688000},"page":"960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Shrub Encroachment on Carbon Assimilation and Growth of Mediterranean Cork Oak Trees Depend on Shrub Cover Density"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4566-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Lobo-do-Vale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Haberstroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7676-9057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel Nuno","family":"Bugalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Ecology \u201cProf. Baeta Neves\u201d (CEABN-INBIO), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., P\u00e9an, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., and Gomis, M.I. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.118970","article-title":"Tree regeneration patterns in cork oak landscapes of Southern Portugal: The importance of land cover type, stand characteristics and site conditions","volume":"486","author":"Ritsche","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.029","article-title":"Shrub encroachment and climate change increase the exposure to drought of Mediterranean wood-pastures","volume":"660","author":"Rolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01352.x","article-title":"Shrub encroachment can reverse desertification in semi-arid Mediterranean grasslands","volume":"12","author":"Maestre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15110","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15110","article-title":"Synergy of extreme drought and shrub invasion reduce ecosystem functioning and resilience in water-limited climates","volume":"5","author":"Caldeira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17522","article-title":"Nonlinear plant-plant interactions modulate impact of extreme drought and recovery on a Mediterranean ecosystem","volume":"231","author":"Haberstroh","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-007-9036-y","article-title":"Driving competitive and facilitative interactions in oak dehesas through management practices","volume":"70","author":"Obrador","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2016.11.012","article-title":"A review of the combination among global change factors in forests, shrublands and pastures of the Mediterranean Region: Beyond drought effects","volume":"148","author":"Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2011.01630.x","article-title":"Impacts of shrub encroachment on ecosystem structure and functioning: Towards a global synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Eldridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-012-9502-4","article-title":"Shrubs affect soil nutrients availability with contrasting consequences for pasture understory and tree overstory production and nutrient status in Mediterranean grazed open woodlands","volume":"93","author":"Rolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.01.028","article-title":"Shrub species affect distinctively the functioning of scattered Quercus ilex trees in Mediterranean open woodlands","volume":"261","author":"Rolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.09.045","article-title":"Do shrubs facilitate oak seedling establishment in Mediterranean pine forest understory?","volume":"381","author":"Gavinet","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1890\/03-5084","article-title":"Applying plant facilitation to forest restoration: A meta-analysis of the use of shrubs as nurse plants","volume":"14","author":"Zamora","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13309","article-title":"Long-term dynamics of shrub facilitation shape the mixing of evergreen and deciduous oaks in Mediterranean abandoned fields","volume":"108","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13310","article-title":"Ungulates mediate trade-offs between carbon storage and wildfire hazard in Mediterranean oak woodlands","volume":"56","author":"Lecomte","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1024","article-title":"Woody encroachment reduces nutrient limitation and promotes soil carbon sequestration","volume":"4","author":"Blaser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.07.038","article-title":"Plant and soil surface responses to a combination of shrub removal and grazing in a shrub-encroached woodland","volume":"91","author":"Daryanto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1071\/BT14137","article-title":"Are shrubs really a sign of declining ecosystem function? Disentangling the myths and truths of woody encroachment in Australia","volume":"62","author":"Eldridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2011.04.018","article-title":"Shrub encroachment in Mediterranean silvopastoral systems: Retama sphaerocarpa and Cistus ladanifer induce contrasting effects on pasture and Quercus ilex production","volume":"141","author":"Rivest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/jvs.12558","article-title":"Shrub species richness decreases negative impacts of drought in a Mediterranean ecosystem","volume":"28","author":"Santonja","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13415","article-title":"The role of species interactions for forest resilience to drought","volume":"24","author":"Haberstroh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12797","article-title":"Abiotic and biotic stress combinations","volume":"203","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-009-9934-z","article-title":"Ability of Cistus L. shrubs to promote soil rehabilitation in extensive oak woodlands of Mediterranean areas","volume":"323","author":"Madeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-017-2825-2","article-title":"Cistus ladanifer (Cistaceae): A natural resource in Mediterranean-type ecosystems","volume":"247","author":"Raimundo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"578","article-title":"The role of phenology, growth and nutrient retention during leaf fall in the competitive potential of two species of mediterranean shrubs in the context of global climate changes","volume":"203","author":"Madeira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Flora Morphol. Distrib. Funct. Ecol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"31","article-title":"Germination inhibition of herbs in Cistus ladanifer L. soils: Possible involvement of allelochemicals","volume":"11","author":"Chaves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Allelopath. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallego, J.C.A., Caro, J.G., Campos, V.H., and Lob\u00f3n, N.C. (2020). Effect of Leaf Litter from Cistus ladanifer L on the Germination and Growth of Accompanying Shrubland Species. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9050593"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01071","article-title":"Terpenoid Emissions of Two Mediterranean Woody Species in Response to Drought Stress","volume":"9","author":"Haberstroh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2019.00055","article-title":"Natural Carbon Isotope Composition Distinguishes Compound Groups of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) in Two Mediterranean Woody Species","volume":"2","author":"Haberstroh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. For. Glob. Chang."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-008-9165-y","article-title":"Are drought and wildfires turning Mediterranean cork oak forests into persistent shrublands?","volume":"76","author":"Holmgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1051\/forest\/2009097","article-title":"Analysis of spatial patterns of oak decline in cork oak woodlands in Mediterranean conditions","volume":"67","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1890\/100084","article-title":"Mediterranean cork oak savannas require human use to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services","volume":"9","author":"Bugalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Aronson, J., Pereira, J.S., and Pausas, J.G. (2009). Cork Oak Woodlands on the Edge: Ecology, Adaptive Management and Restoration, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-013-0688-z","article-title":"Decline of Mediterranean oak trees and its association with Phytophthora cinnamomi: A review","volume":"132","author":"Clara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.04.002","article-title":"Change and dynamics in Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands landscapes of Southwestern Iberian Peninsula","volume":"102","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-014-9757-7","article-title":"Assessment of environment, land management, and spatial variables on recent changes in montado land cover in southern Portugal","volume":"90","author":"Godinho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(99)00036-5","article-title":"Contribution to the extensification\/intensification debate: New trends in the Portuguese montado","volume":"46","author":"Mascarenhas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-007-9089-9","article-title":"Multiple Recruitment Limitation Causes Arrested Succession in Mediterranean Cork Oak Systems","volume":"10","author":"Holmgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14126","article-title":"Plant invasion modifies isohydricity in Mediterranean tree species","volume":"36","author":"Haberstroh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-16-1265-2019","article-title":"Drought reduces tree growing season length but increases nitrogen resorption efficiency in a Mediterranean ecosystem","volume":"16","author":"Caldeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.119760","article-title":"Shrub understorey clearing and drought affects water status and growth of juvenile Quercus suber trees","volume":"503","author":"Lecomte","year":"2022","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1680-7","article-title":"Sensitivity of cork growth to drought events: Insights from a 24-year chronology","volume":"137","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobo-do-Vale, R., Rafael, T., Haberstroh, S., Werner, C., and Caldeira, M.C. (2023). Shrub Invasion Overrides the Effect of Imposed Drought on the Photosynthetic Capacity and Physiological Responses of Mediterranean Cork Oak Trees. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12081636"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12215","article-title":"Plant diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality peak at intermediate levels of woody cover in global drylands","volume":"23","author":"Soliveres","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-021-00638-4","article-title":"Meta-analysis Reveals Different Competition Effects on Tree Growth Resistance and Resilience to Drought","volume":"25","author":"Castagneri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-022-05193-w","article-title":"Seedling responses to soil moisture amount versus pulse frequency in a successfully encroaching semi-arid shrub","volume":"199","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-016-0980-9","article-title":"Implications of future bioclimatic shifts on Portuguese forests","volume":"17","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"IPMA (2023, January 15). Climate Normals. Available online: www.ipma.pt."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-013-0499-2","article-title":"EURO-CORDEX: New high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research","volume":"14","author":"Jacob","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-019-00109-z","article-title":"The Role of Nonstructural Carbohydrates Storage in Forest Resilience under Climate Change","volume":"6","author":"Piper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. For. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-011-1922-3","article-title":"Water-use strategies of six co-existing Mediterranean woody species during a summer drought","volume":"166","author":"Quero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14043","article-title":"The importance of facilitation on community assembly disappears under severe drought stress","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1071\/FP02076","article-title":"Understanding plant responses to drought\u2014From genes to the whole plant","volume":"30","author":"Chaves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/27.6.793","article-title":"Water-use strategies in two co-occurring Mediterranean evergreen oaks: Surviving the summer drought","volume":"27","author":"David","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.02084.x","article-title":"Impact of climate change on plant phenology in Mediterranean ecosystems","volume":"16","author":"Gordo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02348.x","article-title":"Phenological responses to extreme droughts in a Mediterranean forest","volume":"17","author":"Misson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.08.005","article-title":"Drought-induced embolism in current-year shoots of two Mediterranean evergreen oaks","volume":"285","author":"Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00197868","article-title":"Phenological and growth patterns of the Mediterranean oak Quercus suber L.","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trees Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"503","article-title":"Comparative phenology of four mediterranean shrub species growing in Portugal","volume":"Volume G15","author":"Tenhunen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Plant Responses to Stress"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106222","article-title":"Shrub encroachment enhances the infiltration capacity of alpine meadows by changing the community composition and soil conditions","volume":"213","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1137365","article-title":"Shrub-mediated effects on soil nitrogen determines shrub-herbaceous interactions in drylands of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.10.004","article-title":"Cork oak physiological responses to manipulated water availability in a Mediterranean woodland","volume":"184","author":"Besson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13487","article-title":"Landscape dynamics in Mediterranean oak forests under global change: Understanding the role of anthropogenic and environmental drivers across forest types","volume":"23","author":"Dias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01307-7","article-title":"The success of woody plant removal depends on encroachment stage and plant traits","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faias, S.P., Paulo, J.A., Firmino, P.N., and Tom\u00e9, M. (2019). Drivers for Annual Cork Growth under Two Understory Management Alternatives on a Podzolic Cork Oak Stand. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10020133"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-015-9793-y","article-title":"Shrub encroachment of Iberian dehesas: Implications on total forage productivity","volume":"89","author":"Rolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rigueiro-Rodr\u00f3guez, A., McAdam, J., and Mosquera-Losada, M.R. (2009). Agroforestry in Europe: Current Status and Future Prospects, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8272-6"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118041","article-title":"Increasing biodiversity in wood-pastures by protecting small shrubby patches","volume":"464","author":"Oksuz","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."}],"container-title":["Forests"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/14\/5\/960\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:30:25Z","timestamp":1760124625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/14\/5\/960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["f14050960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f14050960","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4907"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4907"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]}}}