{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T07:56:10Z","timestamp":1767772570626,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT15","PCIF\/MOS\/0217\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT15","PCIF\/MOS\/0217\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"project MODFIRE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT15","PCIF\/MOS\/0217\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1382\/CT15","PCIF\/MOS\/0217\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change is driving worldwide efforts to mitigate and reverse the increasing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Forests can uptake considerable amounts of carbon from the atmosphere, but management decisions and resultant silvicultural practices can largely influence these ecosystems\u2019 carbon balance. This research presents an approach to help land managers cope with the need to ensure the provision of forest products and services while contributing to mitigating climate change via carbon sequestration. The emphasis is on combining a landscape-level resource capability model with a mathematical programming (LP) optimization method to model and solve a land management problem involving timber production, carbon sequestration, and resistance to wildfire targets. The results of an application on a forested landscape in Northwest Portugal showed that this approach may contribute to analyzing and discussing synergies and trade-offs between these targets. They revealed important trade-offs between carbon sequestration and both timber production and fire resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f15030408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T04:23:10Z","timestamp":1708489390000},"page":"408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Addressing Carbon Storage in Forested Landscape Management Planning\u2014An Optimization Approach and Application in Northwest Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7922-5680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susete","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre and Laboratory Terra, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Raquel","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre and Laboratory Terra, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1889-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Amaral","family":"Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre and Laboratory Terra, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6661-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigite","family":"Botequim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ForestWISE, Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest & Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, Campus da UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0608-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 G.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre and Laboratory Terra, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1890\/080169","article-title":"Forest carbon storage: Ecology, management, and policy","volume":"8","author":"Fahey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155458","article-title":"Managing Forests for Climate Change Mitigation","volume":"320","author":"Canadell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40663-018-0131-5","article-title":"Carbon forestry is surprising","volume":"5","author":"Pukkala","year":"2018","journal-title":"For. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2017.08.007","article-title":"Review of carbon storage function of harvested wood products and the potential of wood substitution in greenhouse gas mitigation","volume":"85","author":"Geng","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Policy Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-007-0198-y","article-title":"Carbon sequestration in Spanish Mediterranean forests under two management alternatives: A modeling approach","volume":"127","author":"Bravo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e051","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2016251-08160","article-title":"From failure to value: Economic valuation for a selected set of products and services from Mediterranean forests","volume":"25","author":"Masiero","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.12.035","article-title":"Impact of forest management intensity on mushroom occurrence and yield with a simulation-based decision support system","volume":"389","author":"Kucuker","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"12","article-title":"National-Scale Biomass Estimators for United States Tree Species","volume":"49","author":"Jenkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kloeppel, B.D., Harmon, M.E., and Fahey, T.J. (2007). Principles and Standards for Measuring Primary Production, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"141","article-title":"Analysing different carbon estimation methods for Austrian forests","volume":"130","author":"Thurnher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Austrian J. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"a0001","article-title":"Techniques for Prescribing Optimal Timber Harvest and Investment Under Different Objectives\u2014Discussion and Synthesis","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"1977","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"317","article-title":"Models for strategic forest management: Informed by strategic perspectives","volume":"Volume 99","author":"Weintraub","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Series in Operations Research and Management Science"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"261","article-title":"Some Perspectives on Strategic Forest Management Models and the Forest Products Supply Chain","volume":"47","author":"Gunn","year":"2009","journal-title":"INFOR Inf. Syst. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.059","article-title":"Spatial forest planning: A review","volume":"188","author":"Baskent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.12.021","article-title":"Spatially dynamic forest management to sustain biodiversity and economic returns","volume":"134","author":"Juutinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"205","article-title":"A Strategic Forest Management Model for Optimizing Timber Yield and Carbon Sequestration","volume":"67","author":"Carle","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpw043","article-title":"Does management improve the carbon balance of forestry?","volume":"90","author":"Pukkala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-020-01101-1","article-title":"At what carbon price forest cutting should stop","volume":"31","author":"Pukkala","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2016.1220617","article-title":"Valuation and production possibilities on a working forest using multi-objective programming, Woodstock, timber NPV, and carbon storage and sequestration","volume":"31","author":"Roise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"115","article-title":"A compromise programming model for developing the cost of including carbon pools and flux into forest management","volume":"232","author":"Gharis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.05.059","article-title":"A model for regional analysis of carbon sequestration and timber production","volume":"216","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(99)00180-2","article-title":"Structuring a landscape by forestland classification and harvest scheduling spatial constraints","volume":"130","author":"Borgesa","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, S., Marto, M., Bushenkov, V., McDill, M., and Borges, J.G. (2017). Addressing Wildfire Risk in Forest Management Planning with Multiple Criteria Decision Making Methods. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9020298"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40663-021-00324-w","article-title":"Forest management for optimizing soil protection: A landscape-level approach","volume":"8","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botequim, B., Bugalho, M.N., Rodrigues, A.R., Marques, S., Marto, M., and Borges, J.G. (2021). Combining Tree Species Composition and Understory Coverage Indicators with Optimization Techniques to Address Concerns with Landscape-Level Biodiversity. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10020126"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Tom\u00e9, M., Oliveira, T., and Soares, P. (2022, April 07). O Modelo GLOBULUS 3.0\u2014Dados e Equa\u00e7\u00f5es. Available online: https:\/\/www.repository.utl.pt\/handle\/10400.5\/1760."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-011-0036-8","article-title":"Modeling dominant height growth of maritime pine in Portugal using GADA methodology with parameters depending on soil and climate variables","volume":"68","author":"Nunes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.06.050","article-title":"Prediction of annual tree growth and survival for thinned and unthinned even-aged maritime pine stands in Portugal from data with different time measurement intervals","volume":"262","author":"Nunes","year":"2011","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2009.06.015","article-title":"SIMPLOT: Simulating the impacts of fire severity on sustainability of eucalyptus forests in Portugal","volume":"11","author":"Barreiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.02.010","article-title":"Predicting mature cork biomass with t years of growth from one measurement taken at any other age","volume":"259","author":"Paulo","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-011-0041-y","article-title":"Nonlinear fixed and random generalized height-diameter models for Portuguese cork oak stands","volume":"68","author":"Paulo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1139\/x06-065","article-title":"A.; Tom\u00e9, J. Modelling tree and stand growth with growth functions for-mulated as age independent difference equations","volume":"36","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2012213-02951","article-title":"Comunicaci\u00f3n de recurso. sIMfLOR\u2014Plataforma portuguesa de modelos forestales","volume":"21","author":"Faias","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-015-0873-3","article-title":"A disaggregated dynamic model for predicting volume, biomass and carbon stocks in even-aged pedunculate oak stands in Galicia (NW Spain)","volume":"134","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.01.021","article-title":"Comparison of harvest-related removal of aboveground biomass, carbon and nutrients in pedunculate oak stands and in fast-growing tree stands in NW Spain","volume":"365","author":"Cunha","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpp038","article-title":"A review of the characteristics of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and their implications for silvicultural practices","volume":"83","author":"Claessens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.02.012","article-title":"Subsidy or stress? Tree structure and growth in wetland forests along a hydrological gradient in Southern Europe","volume":"259","author":"Stella","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor0931-008","article-title":"A model of shrub biomass accumulation as a tool to support management of Portuguese forests","volume":"8","author":"Botequim","year":"2015","journal-title":"iForest-Biogeosci. For."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ruiz-peinado, R., Lancho, J.F.G., and Hdz, P. (2005). Producci\u00f3n de Biomasa y Fijaci\u00f3n de CO2 por los Bosques Espa\u00f1oles, INIA\u2014Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Patr\u00edcio, M.D.S.F. (2006). An\u00e1lise da Potencialidade Produtiva do Castanheiro em Portugal, Instituto Politecnico de Braganca."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Filipa, A.F.L. (2019). Implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de um Modelo de Crescimento Para Castanheiro no Simulador da Floresta StandsSIM.md. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:2006038","article-title":"Carbon and nutrient stocks in mature Quercus robur L. stands in NW Spain","volume":"63","author":"Rojo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Paulo, M., and Tom\u00e9, J.A. (2024, February 19). Equa\u00e7\u00f5es para Estima\u00e7\u00e3o do Volume e Biomassa de Duas Esp\u00e9cies de Carvalhos: Quercus Suber e Quercus ilex. Lisboa. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10400.5\/1730."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2022, March 15). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Miscellaneous)|ETDEWEB, Available online: https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/etdeweb\/biblio\/20880391."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"266","article-title":"Addressing Wildfire Risk in a Landscape-Level Scheduling Model: An Application in Portugal","volume":"61","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2019.102049","article-title":"Appraisal framework for actor interest and power analysis in forest management\u2014Insights from Northern Portugal","volume":"111","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Policy Econ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-012-9509-5","article-title":"Carbon storage in the Mediterranean upland shrub communities of Montesinho Natural Park, northeast of Portugal","volume":"86","author":"Fonseca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.12.024","article-title":"Carbon content in vegetation, litter, and soil under 10 different land-use and land-cover classes in the Central Highlands of Michoacan, Mexico","volume":"255","author":"Guerrero","year":"2008","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(02)00462-0","article-title":"Changes in carbon stocks in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plantations induced by different water and nutrient availability","volume":"171","author":"Madeira","year":"2002","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-015-0870-6","article-title":"Shrub biomass accumulation and growth rate models to quantify carbon stocks and fluxes for the Mediterranean region","volume":"134","author":"Montero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2010.08.003","article-title":"Carbon pools in an arid shrubland in Chile under natural and afforested conditions","volume":"75","author":"Delpiano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.03.042","article-title":"Carbon storage by ecological service forests in Zhejiang Province, subtropical China","volume":"245","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141237","article-title":"Deadwood stocks in south-western European forests: Ecological patterns and large scale assessments","volume":"747","author":"Alberdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.09.018","article-title":"Relationships between the stocking levels of live trees and dead tree attributes in forests of the United States","volume":"258","author":"Woodall","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.10.029","article-title":"Assessing and modelling the status and dynamics of deadwood through national forest inventory data in Spain","volume":"360","author":"Alberdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.01.008","article-title":"Impacts of forest landscape structure and management on timber production and carbon stocks in the boreal forest ecosystem under changing climate","volume":"241","author":"Peltola","year":"2007","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1139\/X08-120","article-title":"Optimal on- and off-site forest carbon sequestration under existing timber supply constraints in northern New Brunswick","volume":"38","author":"Neilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-009-0274-6","article-title":"Nutrients return from leaves and litterfall in a mediterranean cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forest in southwestern Spain","volume":"129","author":"Andivia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:2001141","article-title":"The above- and belowground carbon pools of two mixed deciduous forest stands located in East-Flanders (Belgium)","volume":"58","author":"Walle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Alves, A.M., Correia, A.V., and Pereira, J.S. (2012). Silvicultura: A Gest\u00e3o dos Ecossistemas Florestais, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Forests"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/15\/3\/408\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:02:09Z","timestamp":1760104929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/15\/3\/408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["f15030408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f15030408","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4907"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4907"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]}}}