{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T10:23:08Z","timestamp":1772533388472,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reduced-impact logging (RIL) has been recognized as a promising strategy for biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration within sustainable forest management (SFM) areas. However, monitoring the forest understory\u2014a critical area for assessing logging impacts\u2014remains challenging due to limitations in conventional methods such as field inventories and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) surveys, which are time-consuming, costly, and often lack accuracy in complex environments. Additionally, aerial and satellite imagery frequently underestimate the full extent of disturbances as the forest canopy obscures understory impacts. This study examines the effectiveness of the relative density model (RDM), derived from airborne LiDAR data, for mapping and monitoring understory disturbances. A field-based validation of LiDAR-derived RDM was conducted across 25 sites, totaling 5504.5 hectares within the Jamari National Forest, Rond\u00f4nia, Brazil. The results indicate that the RDM accurately delineates disturbances caused by logging infrastructure, with over 90% agreement with GNSS field data. However, the model showed the greatest discrepancy for skid trails, which, despite their lower accuracy in modeling, accounted for the largest proportion of the total impacted area among infrastructure. The findings include the mapping of 35.1 km of primary roads, 117.4 km of secondary roads, 595.6 km of skid trails, and 323 log landings, with skid trails comprising the largest proportion of area occupied by logging infrastructure. It is recommended that airborne LiDAR assessments be conducted up to two years post-logging, as impacts become less detectable over time. This study highlights LiDAR data as a reliable alternative to traditional monitoring approaches, with the ability to detect understory impacts more comprehensively for monitoring selective logging in SFM areas of the Amazon, providing a valuable tool for both conservation and climate mitigation efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f16010130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1736740912000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessing the Impacts of Selective Logging on the Forest Understory in the Amazon Using Airborne LiDAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leilson","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Applied Geosciences and Geodynamics (Geoprocessing and Environmental Analysis) Institute of Geosciences, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70919-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Edilson de Souza","family":"Bias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Geosciences and Geodynamics (Geoprocessing and Environmental Analysis) Institute of Geosciences, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70919-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Qu\u00e9tila Souza","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Acre Research Nucleus, Street Dias Martins, 3868, Rio Branco 69917-560, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7570-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"P\u00e1dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5323-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eraldo Aparecido Trondoli","family":"Matricardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Department, College of Technology, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim J.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Robotics in Industry and Intelligent Systems (CRIIS), INESC Technology and Science (INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj3309","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj3309","article-title":"Projections of Future Forest Degradation and CO2 Emissions for the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"8","author":"Assis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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