{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T13:32:50Z","timestamp":1769088770963,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006182","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Esp\u00edrito Santo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["04\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of biomass-based adhesives has attracted interest as an alternative to petroleum-derived synthetic and potentially toxic adhesives. Pachira aquatica oil is a renewable raw material that can be incorporated into an MDI-based polyurethane system. In this study, the chemical composition and reactivity of P. aquatica oil were characterized using GC\u2013MS, FTIR, and hydroxyl index measurements. The oil showed a predominance of saturated fatty acids, particularly methyl hexadecanoate (64.80%), derived from palmitic acid, and exhibited a low initial hydroxyl value. To enhance reactivity, the oil was transesterified with glycerol under different conditions, producing polyols with substantially increased hydroxyl values (412\u2013769 mg KOH g\u22121), as confirmed by the intensified O\u2013H and C\u2013O bands in the FTIR spectra. The polyurethane adhesives were formulated from the selected polyols (P3 and P4) and evaluated at different NCO\/OH ratios and pressing temperatures, using ABES shear tests. The highest ABES shear strength recorded was approximately 3.6 MPa, obtained for isocyanate indices between 0.8 and 1.0 and temperatures around 115 \u00b0C. Although this value represents the best performance among the tested conditions, it remains below the industrial benchmarks typically associated with the EN 205 standard (\u224810 MPa). It is important to note that the ABES and EN 205 methods are not directly comparable due to differences in testing protocols. Nevertheless, the results indicate that, under the evaluated conditions, the adhesives exhibit limited mechanical performance and require further optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f16121843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T16:11:18Z","timestamp":1765383078000},"page":"1843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chemical Modification of Pachira aquatica Oil for Bio-Based Polyurethane Wood Adhesives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2739-9413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilly","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Jer\u00f4nimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6660-3128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS-IPV), Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Wood Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4308-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idalina","family":"Domingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS-IPV), Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Wood Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"LEEPABE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6209-2102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Campus Goiabeiras, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-951, ES, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3808-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabella","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros 39401-089, MG, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4495-6058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel\u00e2ngelo","family":"Fassarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Jer\u00f4nimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2923-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Lelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Products, Institute of Forests, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Serop\u00e9dica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4776-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juarez","family":"Paes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Jer\u00f4nimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4557-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"LEEPABE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2010-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabricio","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Jer\u00f4nimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunky, M. 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