{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T02:04:40Z","timestamp":1776737080825,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forests play a central role in climate change mitigation by acting as biogenic carbon reservoirs and providing renewable biomass for energy systems. In Portugal, where fire-prone landscapes and species composition dynamics pose increasing management challenges, understanding the carbon storage potential of forest biomass is crucial for designing effective decarbonization strategies. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the Portuguese forest and quantifies the biogenic carbon stored in live and dead biomass across the main forest species. Species-specific carbon contents, rather than the conventional 50% assumption widely used in the literature, were applied to National Forest Inventory data, enabling more realistic and representative carbon stock estimates expressed in kilotonnes of CO2 equivalent. While the approach relies on inventory-based biomass data and literature-derived carbon fractions and is therefore subject to associated uncertainties, it provides an improved representation of species-level carbon storage at the national scale. Results show that Pinus pinaster, Eucalyptus globulus, and Quercus suber together represent the largest share of carbon storage, with approximately 300,000 kilotonnes of CO2 equivalent retained in living trees. Wood is the dominant carbon pool, but roots and branches also account for a substantial fraction, emphasizing the need to consider both above- and below-ground biomass in carbon accounting. In parallel, a bibliometric analysis based on the systematic evaluation of scientific publications was conducted to characterize the evolution, thematic focus, and geographic distribution of global research on forest-based biogenic carbon. This analysis reveals a rapidly expanding scientific interest in biogenic carbon, particularly since 2020, reflecting its growing relevance in climate change mitigation frameworks. Overall, the results underscore both the strategic importance of Portuguese forests and the alignment of this research with the broader international scientific agenda on forest-based biogenic carbon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f17010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:34:23Z","timestamp":1767198863000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of the Portuguese Forest Potential for Biogenic Carbon Production and Global Research Trends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6033-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9908-7147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 B.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8096-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o S.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2023.101691","article-title":"A coordinated approach for a three-echelon solar-wind energy supply with government intervention","volume":"86","author":"Matinfard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Util. Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.09.026","article-title":"Biomass quality control in power plants: Technical and economical implications","volume":"115","author":"Lapuerta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Energy Institute (EI) (2023). Statistical Review of World Energy 2023, Energy Institute. [72nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2021). International Energy Outlook 2021, U.S. Department of Energy."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA) (2022). Annex A: Data and Assumptions. World Energy Outlook 2022, IEA. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/world-energy-outlook-2022."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Commission (2023). GHG Emissions of All World Countries\u2014Report 2023, Publications Office of the European Union. Available online: https:\/\/edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/report_2023."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"NASA (2025, September 30). Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet, Available online: https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/vital-signs\/carbon-dioxide\/?intent=121."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2023.102693","article-title":"Climate change due to increasing concentration of carbon dioxide and its impacts on the environment in the 21st century: A mini-review","volume":"35","author":"Kabir","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"21","article-title":"The role of carbon in life\u2019s blueprint and carbon cycle: Understanding Earth\u2019s essential cycling system: Benefits and harms to our planet","volume":"1","author":"Prajapati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2025, October 20). The Carbon Cycle, Available online: https:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/carbon-cycle.html#transcript."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105734","article-title":"A comprehensive review of biomass-based thermochemical conversion technologies integrated with CO2 capture and utilisation within BECCS networks","volume":"173","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Psistaki, K., Tsantopoulos, G., and Paschalidou, A.K. (2024). An Overview of the Role of Forests in Climate Change Mitigation. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16146089"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160afa\u0159\u00edk, D., Hlav\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, P., and Michal, J. (2021). Potential of forest biomass resources for renewable energy production in the Czech Republic. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15010047"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168479","article-title":"Is tree planting an effective strategy for climate change mitigation?","volume":"909","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Eggleston, H.S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., and Tanabe, K. (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, IGES."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u0101rdule, A., Liepi\u0146\u0161, J., Liepi\u0146\u0161, K., Stola, J., Butlers, A., and Lazdi\u0146\u0161, A. (2021). Variation in Carbon Content among the Major Tree Species in Hemiboreal Forests in Latvia. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12091292"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e02707","article-title":"Distribution of Biomass and Carbon Content in Estimation of Carbon Density for Typical Forests","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bravo, F., Mart\u00edn Ariza, A., Dugarsuren, N., and Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, C. (2021). Disentangling the Relationship between Tree Biomass Yield and Tree Diversity in Mediterranean Mixed Forests. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0339.v1"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Instituto da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza e das Florestas (ICNF) (2019). 6.\u00ba Invent\u00e1rio Florestal Nacional 2015\u2014Anexo T\u00e9cnico, ICNF."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misseyanni, A., Christopoulou, A., Kougkoulos, I., Vassilakis, E., and Arianoutsou, M. (2025). The Impact of Forest Fires on Ecosystem Services: The Case of Greece. Forests, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/f16030533"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eftaxias, A., Passa, E.A., Michailidis, C., Daoutis, C., Kantartzis, A., and Diamantis, V. (2022). Residual forest biomass in pinus stands: Accumulation and biogas production potential. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15145233"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"244","article-title":"Residual Forestry Biomass Supply Chain: A Mapping Approach","volume":"14","author":"Rijal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalak, T. (2023). Potential use of industrial biomass waste as a sustainable energy source in the future. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16041783"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2025, October 20). The State of the World\u2019s Forests. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/state-of-forests\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2025, October 20). FAO 2020 Report. Available online: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/dfb12960-44ee-4ddc-95f7-bec93fbb141e\/content."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2020). The State of the World\u2019s Forests 2020: Forests, Biodiversity and People, FAO."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"World Resources Institute (2025, December 17). Forest Carbon Stocks Indicator. Global Forest Review (WRI). Available online: https:\/\/gfr.wri.org\/biodiversity-ecological-services-indicators\/forest-carbon-stocks."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2025, October 24). State of Europe\u2019s Forests 2020. Available online: https:\/\/foresteurope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/SoEF_2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Eurostat (2025, October 20). International Day of Forests: Forests in the EU. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/products-eurostat-news\/-\/edn-20210321-1."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, V., Santos, L.C.D., and Trillo-Santamar\u00eda, J.M. (2025). The Influence of Forest Fires on Ecological, Economic, and Social Trends in Landscape Dynamics in Portugal. Land, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/land14061273"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Diplomatic Portal (2025, October 24). About Portugal, Available online: https:\/\/portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt\/en\/about-portugal."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral do Territ\u00f3rio (DGT) (2024, February 22). Cartografia de Uso e Ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o do Solo | SMOS 2018, Available online: https:\/\/smos.dgterritorio.gov.pt\/cartografia-de-uso-e-ocupacao-do-solo."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Confedera\u00e7\u00e3o Europeia de Propriet\u00e1rios Florestais (CEPF) (2025, February 22). Portugal Country Page. Available online: https:\/\/www.cepf-eu.org\/about-us\/members\/portugal."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia Portuguesa do Ambiente (APA) (2025, October 24). Portugal\u2019s National Forestry Accounting Plan 2021\u20132025. Available online: https:\/\/apambiente.pt\/sites\/default\/files\/_Clima\/Mitiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o\/Plano%20Contabilidade%20Florestal%20Nacional%202021-2025\/National%20Forestry%20Accounting%20Plan_Revised%20version%20january%202020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Instituto da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza e das Florestas (ICNF) (2024, February 22). Invent\u00e1rio Florestal Nacional\u2014Not\u00edcias 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.icnf.pt\/noticias\/inventarioflorestalnacional."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica (INE) (2020). Estat\u00edsticas de Uso e Ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o do Solo\u20142018, Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xportal\/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0009780."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Gaspar, H.B. (2022). As Plantas Invasoras na Floresta em Portugal: Uma Quest\u00e3o Ambiental. [Master\u2019s Thesis, NOVA University of Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2025, October 24). The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Available online: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/5100a18e-1432-42b1-945e-398daac0176e\/content."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Sustainable Biomass Program (SBP) (2025, October 24). Supply Base Report: Pelletsfirst\u2014Produ\u00e7\u00e3o e Comercializa\u00e7\u00e3o de Pellets de Madeira, SA (Second Surveillance & Scope Change Audit), Version 1.3. Control Union Certifications BV, 2019. Available online: https:\/\/sbp-cert.org."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Portugal (2025, October 24). National Forestry Accounting Plan Portugal 2021\u20132025. Available online: https:\/\/www.fern.org\/fileadmin\/uploads\/fern\/Documents\/NFAP_Portugal.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Centro de Ecologia Funcional (2025, October 24). O que s\u00e3o Plantas Invasoras. Invasoras.pt. Available online: https:\/\/invasoras.pt\/pt\/o-que-s%C3%A3o-plantas-invasoras."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchante, E., Morais, M., Freitas, H., and Marchante, E. (2014). Guia Pr\u00e1tico para a Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Plantas Invasoras em Portugal, Universidade de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Coimbra, Centro de Ecologia Funcional.","DOI":"10.14195\/978-989-26-0786-3"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Arun, M.N., Kumar, R.M., Sreedevi, B., Padmavathi, G., Revathi, P., Pathak, N., Srinivas, D., and Venkatanna, B. (2022). The rising threat of invasive alien plant species in agriculture. Resource Management in Agroecosystems, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46818-3","article-title":"Risks posed by invasive species to the provision of ecosystem services in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Gallardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cola\u00e7o, M.C., Sequeira, A.C., and Skulska, I. (2023). Genus Acacia in Mainland Portugal: Knowledge and Experience of Stakeholders in Their Management. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12112026"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Florestas.pt (2025, October 24). As Esp\u00e9cies Florestais Mais Comuns da Floresta Portuguesa. Available online: https:\/\/florestas.pt\/conhecer\/as-especies-florestais-mais-comuns-da-floresta-portuguesa\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2025, October 24). Directive (EU) 2018\/2001 of 11 December 2018 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources. Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2018\/2001\/oj."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozuch, A., Cywicka, D., and G\u00f3rna, A. (2024). Forest Biomass in Bioenergy Production in the Changing Geopolitical Environment of the EU. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/en17030554"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"SilvaPlus (2025, October 24). Biomassa Florestal Prim\u00e1ria. Available online: http:\/\/silvaplus.com\/pt\/biomassa-florestal-primaria\/."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136815","article-title":"Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural waste to the circular economy: A review with focus on biofuels, biocomposites, and bioplastics","volume":"402","author":"Mujtaba","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"European Commission (2025, October 23). Biomass\u2014Energy. Directorate-General for Energy. Available online: https:\/\/energy.ec.europa.eu\/topics\/renewable-energy\/bioenergy\/biomass_en."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"European Commission (2025, October 24). European Commission\u2019s Knowledge Centre for Bioeconomy. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/knowledge4policy\/bioeconomy."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"European Union (EU) (2023). Biomass Supply and Uses in the EU: Summary for Policymakers, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral de Energia e Geologia (DGEG) (2024, June 03). Balan\u00e7o Energ\u00e9tico Sint\u00e9tico 2022, Available online: https:\/\/www.dgeg.gov.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, L.J., Casau, M., Matias, J.C., and Dias, M.F. (2022). Assessment of woody residual biomass generation capacity in the Central region of Portugal: Analysis of the power production potential. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11101722"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, A.C., Malico, I., and Sousa, A.M. (2021). Energy production from forest biomass: An overview. Forest Biomass\u2014From Trees to Energy, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.93361"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, D., Zhang, H., Liu, L., Huang, W., Huete, A.R., Zhang, X., Wang, F., Yu, L., Xie, Q., and Wang, C. (2019). Estimating the aboveground biomass for planted forests based on stand age and environmental variables. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192270"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2020.104205","article-title":"Models for estimating aboveground biomass of four dryland woody species in Burkina Faso, West Africa","volume":"180","author":"Bayen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Uva, J. (2019). The Portuguese National Forest Inventory. NFI100 Conference: A Century of National Forest Inventories\u2014Informing Past, Present and Future Decisions, NIBIO."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-020-00112-9","article-title":"Valorization of Biomass Residues from Forest Operations and Wood Manufacturing Presents a Wide Range of Sustainable and Innovative Possibilities","volume":"6","author":"Braghiroli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. For. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-022-05061-5","article-title":"Wood Waste Utilization and Associated Product Development from Under-Utilized Low-Quality Wood and Its Prospects in Nepal","volume":"4","author":"Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Cunha, J., and Marques, A. (2019). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o das Cadeias de Abastecimento de Biomassa Florestal em Portugal, INESCTEC."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica (2025, October 24). Plano Nacional para a Promo\u00e7\u00e3o das Biorrefinarias (1.\u00aa s\u00e9rie, n.\u00ba 210, 31 de outubro de 2017). Available online: https:\/\/files.diariodarepublica.pt\/1s\/2017\/10\/21000\/0583905847.pdf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113215","article-title":"Carbon capture utilization and storage in review: Sociotechnical implications for a carbon reliant world","volume":"177","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4811","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-14-4811-2022","article-title":"Global Carbon Budget 2022","volume":"14","author":"Friedlingstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-3269-2020","article-title":"Global Carbon Budget 2020","volume":"12","author":"Friedlingstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., P\u00e9an, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., and Gomis, M.I. (2021). Chapter 5: Global Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/downloads\/report\/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_05.pdf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.114849","article-title":"Expanding forest carbon sinks to mitigate climate change in Africa","volume":"207","author":"Nzabarinda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amelse, J.A. (2025). Terrestrial storage of biomass (biomass burial): A natural, carbon-efficient, and low-cost method for removing CO2 from air. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15042183"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, L.J. (2023). The rising threat of atmospheric CO2: A review on the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies. Environments, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments10040066"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., P\u00e9an, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., and Gomis, M.I. (2021). Chapter 1: Framing, context, and methods. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/downloads\/report\/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_01.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"DEISO (2025, October 24). What Is the Difference Between Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Carbon?. Available online: https:\/\/dei.so\/what-is-the-difference-between-biogenic-and-non-biogenic-carbon\/."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1277","article-title":"The content of carbon and hydrogen in grass biomass and its influence on heating value","volume":"17","author":"Adamovics","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Rural Dev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onwudili, J.A., Peters, M.A., and Alves, C.T. (2024). CHNSO elemental analyses of volatile organic liquids by combined GC\/MS and GC\/Flame ionisation detection techniques with application to hydrocarbon-rich biofuels. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29184346"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2025, October 24). Lignocellulosic Biomass. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/ac836e\/AC836E03.htm."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(03)00033-3","article-title":"A reassessment of carbon content in wood: Variation within and between 41 North American species","volume":"25","author":"Lamlom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2025, October 24). What\u2019s the Other Half of a Tree\u2019s Biomass?. Available online: https:\/\/arbor-analytics.com\/post\/2021-08-22-if-50-of-a-tree-s-biomass-is-carbon-what-s-the-other-half\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2025, October 24). High Biomass Production, Available online: https:\/\/www.fs.usda.gov\/nrs\/highlights\/2256."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, L.J.R., Rodrigues, A.M., Loureiro, L.M.E.F., S\u00e1, L.C.R., and Matias, J.C.O. (2021). Energy recovery from invasive species: Creation of value chains to promote control and eradication. Recycling, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling6010021"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchini, L., Colantoni, A., Venanzi, R., Cozzolino, L., and Picchio, R. (2025). Physicochemical properties of forest wood biomass for bioenergy application: A review. Forests, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/f16040702"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2011.04.015","article-title":"Fireplace and woodstove fine particle emissions from combustion of Western Mediterranean wood types","volume":"101","author":"Alves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-023-12557-8","article-title":"Study on the combustion indices of forest species using thermogravimetric analysis","volume":"148","author":"Rahib","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2022.125672","article-title":"Differential elemental stoichiometry of two Mediterranean evergreen woody plants over a geochemically heterogeneous area","volume":"55","author":"Monaci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.01.021","article-title":"Proximate analysis, backwards stepwise regression between gross calorific value, ultimate and chemical analysis of wood","volume":"101","author":"Telmo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilari, A., Foppa Pedretti, E., De Francesco, C., and Duca, D. (2021). Pellet production from residual biomass of greenery maintenance in a small-scale company to improve sustainability. Resources, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/resources10120122"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2015.02.037","article-title":"New low-cost nanoporous carbonaceous adsorbent developed from carob (Ceratonia siliqua) processing industry waste for the adsorption of anionic textile dye: Characterization, equilibrium and kinetic modeling","volume":"206","author":"Koyuncu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.01.012","article-title":"Alkaline treated carob shells as sustainable biosorbent for clean recovery of heavy metals: Kinetics, equilibrium, ions interference and process optimisation","volume":"101","author":"Farnane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, L.J., Raposo, M.A., Meireles, C.I., Pinto Gomes, C.J., and Ribeiro, N.M.A. (2020). Control of invasive forest species through the creation of a value chain: Acacia dealbata biomass recovery. Environments, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments7050039"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2017.08.007","article-title":"Bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis","volume":"11","author":"Aria","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Informetr."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"DLR\u2014German Aerospace Center (2025, October 29). Globale TanDEM-X Waldkarte Verf\u00fcgbar. Available online: https:\/\/www.dlr.de\/en\/latest\/news\/2019\/02\/20190506_globale-tandem-x-waldkarte-verfuegbar."}],"container-title":["Forests"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/17\/1\/63\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T05:11:30Z","timestamp":1767762690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/17\/1\/63"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["f17010063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f17010063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}}}