{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:57:26Z","timestamp":1769302646666,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/00295\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00295\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land abandonment and recurrent wildfires are major drivers of landscape transformation in Mediterranean Europe, creating favorable conditions for the spread of non-native invasive woody species. Among these, Australian wattles (genus Acacia) are particularly widespread and problematic in Portugal. This work analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of Acacia spp. in two municipalities of central Portugal (Sert\u00e3 and Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o-Grande) by combining multitemporal photointerpretation of aerial imagery (2004\u20132021), generalized additive models (GAMs), and local perception surveys. Results reveal a 417% increase in occupied area over the last two decades. Modeling outcomes indicate a temporal shift in invasion drivers: from an establishment phase (2004\u20132010), mainly constrained by altitude and proximity to primary introduction sites, to a disturbance-driven expansion phase (2010\u20132021), influenced by fire recurrence, slope, and land-use context. Spatial clustering persisted throughout, underscoring the role of founder populations. Surveys confirmed high public awareness of Acacia invasiveness and identified abandonment and wildfire as the main perceived triggers of spread. By integrating ecological and social dimensions, this study provides a socioecological perspective on Acacia spp. expansion in Mediterranean rural landscapes and highlights the urgent need for integrated, landscape-scale management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f17010135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T08:36:33Z","timestamp":1768898193000},"page":"135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Establishment to Expansion: Changing Drivers of Acacia spp. Invasion in Mainland Central Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7274-2028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0843-3658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory TERRA, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0666-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Capinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory TERRA, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/01433768.2014.981395","article-title":"The Halaesa landscape (III B. 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