{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T14:39:22Z","timestamp":1775313562931,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]],"date-time":"2017-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High spatial resolution imagery provided by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can yield accurate and efficient estimation of tree dimensions and canopy structural variables at the local scale. We flew a low-cost, lightweight UAV over an experimental Pinus pinea L. plantation (290 trees distributed over 16 ha with different fertirrigation treatments) to determine the tree positions and to estimate individual tree height (h), diameter (d), biomass (wa), as well as changes in these variables between 2015 and 2017. We used Structure from Motion (SfM) and 3D point cloud filtering techniques to generate the canopy height model and object-based image analysis to delineate individual tree crowns (ITC). ITC results were validated using accurate field measurements over a subsample of 50 trees. Comparison between SfM-derived and field-measured h yielded an R2 value of 0.96. Regressions using SfM-derived variables as explanatory variables described 79% and 86\u201387% of the variability in d and wa, respectively. The height and biomass growth estimates across the entire study area for the period 2015\u20132017 were 0.45 m \u00b1 0.12 m and 198.7 \u00b1 93.9 kg, respectively. Significant differences (t-test) in height and biomass were observed at the end of the study period. The findings indicate that the proposed method could be used to derive individual-tree variables and to detect spatio-temporal changes, highlighting the potential role of UAV-derived imagery as a forest management tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f8080300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T04:12:17Z","timestamp":1503288737000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Use of Multi-Temporal UAV-Derived Imagery for Estimating Individual Tree Growth in Pinus pinea Stands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Guerra-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ferreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Xesti\u00f3n Forestal Sostible (GI-1837-UXFS), Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Vexetal e Proxectos de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Escola Polit\u00e9ctica Superior, R\/Benigno Ledo s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management (FERM), 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applications of Remote Sensing in Ecology (LARSE), US Forest Service\u2014Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Monle\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Forest Service\u2014Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Faias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6242-8593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"D\u00edaz-Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Biodiversidade e Bot\u00e1nica Aplicada (GI-1809-BIOAPLIC), Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, R\/Benigno Ledo s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkhart, H.E., and Tom\u00e9, M. 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