{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T22:25:44Z","timestamp":1776464744792,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/115057\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/115057\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persistence of native forests is a global concern. We aimed at unveiling the main factors affecting tree recruitment in Portuguese native forests, modelling sapling data collected during the 5th Portuguese Forest Inventory, for five main Quercus taxa. Zero-inflated count data models allowed us to examine simultaneously (i) the absence of tree recruitment and (ii) the density of tree recruitment. Using Akaike weights, we obtained importance values for 15 relevant explanatory variables. Results showed that seed availability and climatic variables were determinant to understand regional absence of regeneration for all taxa. Seed availability was also an important driver of sapling density, except for Quercus suber. Other variables impacted on regeneration density: grazing hindered Q. suber regeneration; regeneration of Q. rotundifolia and Q. suber was lower in flat areas; recurrent fire hampered the regeneration of Q. robur and Q. pyrenaica; Q. broteroi and Q. pyrenaica showed depressed regeneration in regions where forest plantations abound, while Q. robur and Q. suber seemed selectively protected. We conclude that caution is warranted when analysing pooled data for Quercus spp. regeneration, as different variables affected Quercus taxa differently. Finally, we suggest dedicated management actions to enhance the establishment of new native forests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f9110694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,9]],"date-time":"2018-11-09T03:08:02Z","timestamp":1541732882000},"page":"694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Regeneration of Native Forest Species in Mainland Portugal: Identifying Main Drivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4206-0699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Monteiro-Henriques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biol\u00f3gicas, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta dos Prados, Apartado 1013, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0336-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biol\u00f3gicas, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta dos Prados, Apartado 1013, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010: Main Report, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Forestry Paper."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1982.tb03736.x","article-title":"Land use and summer bird populations in northwestern galicia, Spain","volume":"124","author":"Bongiorno","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(99)00178-4","article-title":"The bird communities of a natural secondary forest and a Lophostemon confertus plantation in Hong Kong, South China","volume":"130","author":"Kwok","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.11.021","article-title":"The value of primary, secondary and plantation forests for Amazonian birds","volume":"136","author":"Barlow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.03.042","article-title":"Conservation value of forest plantations for bird communities in western Kenya","volume":"255","author":"Farwig","year":"2008","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.01.019","article-title":"Do eucalypt plantations provide habitat for native forest biodiversity?","volume":"270","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.09.014","article-title":"Effectiveness of eucalypt plantations as a surrogate habitat for birds","volume":"310","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"287","article-title":"Breeding bird assemblages in eucalyptus plantations in Portugal","volume":"26","author":"Pina","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Zool. Fenn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2010.01.002","article-title":"Plant and bird diversity in natural forests and in native and exotic plantations in NW Portugal","volume":"36","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Oecol. Int. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, M. (2006). Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis: An Abridgment, University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226899053.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-010-9345-2","article-title":"Large-scale patterns of Quercus ilex, Quercus suber and Quercus pyrenaica regeneration in central-western Spain","volume":"13","author":"Plieninger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12111","article-title":"Large-scale recruitment limitation in Mediterranean pines: The role of Quercus ilex and forest successional advance as key regional drivers","volume":"23","author":"Carnicer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.10.043","article-title":"Recruitment patterns of four tree species along elevation gradients in Mediterranean mountains: Not only climate matters","volume":"360","author":"Benavides","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12075","article-title":"Interspecific differences in tree growth and mortality responses to environmental drivers determine potential species distributional limits in Iberian forests","volume":"22","author":"Zavala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens-Rumann, C.S., Kemp, K.B., Higuera, P.E., Harvey, B.J., Rother, M.T., Donato, D.C., Morgan, P., and Veblen, T.T. (2017). Evidence for declining forest resilience to wildfires under climate change. Ecol. Lett.","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12889"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Pereira, J.S., Pereira, J.M.C., Rego, F.C., Silva, J.M.N., and da Silva, T.P. (2006). Transi\u00e7\u00e3o Florestal e Fogo em Portugal. Inc\u00eandios Florestais em Portugal: Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o, Impactes e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o, ISAPress."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"133","article-title":"Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do material lenhoso de pinheiro-bravo e eucalipto","volume":"18","author":"Louro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Silva Lusit."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013130528470","article-title":"Temporal (1958\u20131995) pattern of change in a cultural landscape of northwestern Portugal: Implications for fire occurrence","volume":"16","author":"Moreira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor1031-007","article-title":"Is cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodland loss driven by eucalyptus plantation? A case-study in southwestern Portugal","volume":"7","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"IFor. Biogeosci. For."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.07.049","article-title":"The dynamics and drivers of fuel and fire in the Portuguese public forest","volume":"146","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-005-0070-8","article-title":"Land cover type and fire in Portugal: Do fires burn land cover selectively?","volume":"20","author":"Nunes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2307\/2255275","article-title":"On the causes of failure of natural regeneration in British oakwoods","volume":"7","author":"Watt","year":"1919","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1998)079[0065:RONROP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Regeneration of northern red oak: Positive and negative effects of competitor removal","volume":"79","author":"Buckley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnicer, J., Barbeta, A., Sperlich, D., Coll, M., and Pe\u00f1uelas, J. (2013). Contrasting trait syndromes in angiosperms and conifers are associated with different responses of tree growth to temperature on a large scale. Front. Plant Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00409"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-006-0134-6","article-title":"Groundwater and light conditions as factors in the survival of pedunculate oak (Quercus Robur L.) Seedlings","volume":"125","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.2307\/1941461","article-title":"Co-occurring tree species change rank in seedling performance with resources varied experimentally","volume":"73","author":"Latham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2307\/1939505","article-title":"Successional status, seed size and responses of tree seedlings to CO2, light and nutrients","volume":"74","author":"Bazzaz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1139\/x94-046","article-title":"Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: Interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees","volume":"24","author":"Canham","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-007-9329-2","article-title":"Light response in seedlings of a temperate (Quercus petraea) and a sub-Mediterranean species (Quercus pyrenaica): Contrasting ecological strategies as potential keys to regeneration performance in mixed marginal populations","volume":"195","author":"Pardos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1890\/03-5084","article-title":"Applying plant facilitation to forest restoration: A meta-analysis of the use of shrubs as nurse plants","volume":"14","author":"Zamora","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.2307\/1941460","article-title":"Effect of Shrubs on Recruitment of Quercus-Douglasii and Quercus-Lobata","volume":"73","author":"Callaway","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3170\/2007-8-18352","article-title":"Facilitation of Quercus ilex recruitment by shrubs in Mediterranean open woodlands","volume":"19","author":"Smit","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02857850","article-title":"The evolutionary ecology of nut dispersal","volume":"67","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0587.2003.03586.x","article-title":"Spatial patterns in long-distance dispersal of Quercus ilex acorns by jays in a heterogeneous landscape","volume":"26","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.2307\/3809172","article-title":"Impacts of white-tailed deer on forest regeneration in Northwestern Pennsylvania","volume":"53","author":"Tilghman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Wildland Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.2002.00679.x","article-title":"Tree seed dispersal among forest fragments: II. Dispersal abilities and biogeographical controls","volume":"29","author":"Hewitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/jvs.12245","article-title":"Ecological controls on post-fire vegetation assembly at multiple spatial scales in eastern North American boreal forests","volume":"26","author":"Boiffin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.04.010","article-title":"Multivariate effect gradients driving forest demographic responses in the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"303","author":"Coll","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12189","article-title":"Direct and indirect effects of tree canopy facilitation in the recruitment of Mediterranean oaks","volume":"51","author":"Caldeira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119383","article-title":"Canopy cover and tree regeneration in old-growth cove forests of the Appalachian Mountains","volume":"115","author":"Busing","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.01.023","article-title":"Regeneration dynamics of Quercus pyrenaica Willd. in the Central System (Spain)","volume":"343","author":"Miguel","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2307\/2261291","article-title":"Tall understorey vegetation as a factor in the poor development of oak seedlings beneath mature stands","volume":"82","author":"Lorimer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.2000.00145.x","article-title":"6000 years of forest dynamics in Suserup Skov, a seminatural Danish woodland","volume":"9","author":"Hannon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1071\/WF07151","article-title":"Are wildfires a disaster in the Mediterranean basin?\u2014A review","volume":"17","author":"Pausas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683609348849","article-title":"Holocene vegetation changes in NW Iberia revealed by anthracological and palynological records from a colluvial soil","volume":"20","author":"Kaal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2005)003[0479:LOFSCF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Loss of foundation species: Consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems","volume":"3","author":"Ellison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1127\/0340-269X\/2007\/0037-0399","article-title":"A methodological approach to potential vegetation modeling using GIS techniques and phytosociological expert-knowledge: Application to mainland Portugal","volume":"37","author":"Capelo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytocoenologia"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, the Azores and Madeira)","volume":"2","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Geobot."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"23","article-title":"The application of the habitats directive in Portugal","volume":"44","author":"Costa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fitosociologia"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Eira, J., Pinho, J., Santos, C., Buxo, J., Godinho Ferreira, P., Uva, J., and Moreira, J. (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010-Country Report-Portugal, Food and Agriculture Organization."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(01)00162-8","article-title":"A review of natural vegetation openness in north-western Europe","volume":"104","author":"Svenning","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(03)00138-5","article-title":"A long-term perspective on ungulate-vegetation interactions","volume":"181","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2004.00964.x","article-title":"How open were European primeval forests? Hypothesis testing using palaeoecological data","volume":"93","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revpalbo.2009.12.007","article-title":"Expected trends and surprises in the Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation history of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands","volume":"162","author":"Badal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Direc\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral dos Recursos Florestais (2007). Resultados do Invent\u00e1rio Florestal Nacional 2005\/2006, 5a Revis\u00e3o, Direc\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral dos Recursos Florestais."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Aguiar, C. (2001). Flora e Vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o da Serra de Nogueira e do Parque Natural de Montesinho. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa-Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa (TULisbon)]."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Monteiro-Henriques, T. (2010). Landscape and Phytosociology of the Paiva River\u2019s Hydrographical Basin. [Ph.D. Thesis, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa (TULisbon)]."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Hijmans, R.J. (2015, December 28). Raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling (Version 2.3-40). Available online: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=raster."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4357","article-title":"Bioclimatological mapping tackling uncertainty propagation: Application to mainland Portugal","volume":"36","author":"Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-005-0271-5","article-title":"The use of climatic parameters and indices in vegetation distribution. A case study in the Spanish Sistema Central","volume":"50","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Jarvis, A., Reuter, H.I., Nelson, A., and Guevara, E. (2014, April 09). Hole-Filled SRTM for the Globe Version 4. Available online: http:\/\/www.cgiar-csi.org\/data\/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Evans, J. (2016, April 12). Topographic Radiation Index-ArcScripts. Available online: http:\/\/arcscripts.esri.com\/details.asp?dbid=12643."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1029\/96WR03137","article-title":"A New method for the determination of flow directions and contributing areas in grid digital elevation models","volume":"33","author":"Tarboton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Tarboton, D.G. (2013, December 01). TAUDEM: Terrain Analysis Using Digital Elevation Model (Version 5.0.6). Available online: http:\/\/hydrology.usu.edu\/taudem\/taudem5\/downloads5.0.html."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"R Core Team (2013, December 01). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria (Version 3.0.1). Available online: http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkar, D. (2008). Lattice: Multivariate Data Visualization with R, Springer. Use R!.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-75969-2"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Simpson, G.L. (2013, December 01). Permute: Functions for Generating Restricted Permutations of Data (Version 0.7-0). Available online: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=permute."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"R Core Team (2013, December 01). Foreign: Read Data Stored by Minitab, S, SAS, SPSS, Stata, Systat, dBase, \u2026 (Version 0.8-55). Available online: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=foreign."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Hijmans, R.J. (2013, December 01). Raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling (Version 2.1-49). Available online: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=raster."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Bivand, R., Keitt, T., and Rowlingson, B. (2013, December 01). Rgdal: Bindings for the Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (Version 0.8-10). Available online: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=rgdal."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"9","article-title":"Classes and methods for spatial data in R","volume":"5","author":"Pebesma","year":"2005","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Bivand, R.S., Pebesma, E.J., and Gomez-Rubio, V. (2008). Applied Spatial Data Analysis with R, Springer."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Nicolau, R. (2002). (Maria Rita Rodrigues Carmona Nicolau) Modela\u00e7\u00e3o e Mapeamento da Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o Espacial de Precipita\u00e7\u00e3o-Uma Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o a Portugal Continental. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa-Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia]."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Gonzalo Jim\u00e9nez, J. (2010). Diagnosis Fitoclim\u00e1tica de La Espa\u00f1a Peninsular: Hacia Un Modelo de Clasificaci\u00f3n Funcional de La Vegetaci\u00f3n Y de Los Ecosistemas Peninsulares Espa\u00f1oles, Organismo Aut\u00f3nomo de Parques nacionales, Ministerio de Medio Amiente y Medio Rural y Marino de Espa\u00f1a. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276","article-title":"Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"25","author":"Hijmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Juan, L.P., Jones, P.G., Jarvis, A., and Richardson, K. (2009, May 31). Worldclim. Available online: http:\/\/www.worldclim.org\/."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos de Portugal (1992). Carta Geol\u00f3gica de Portugal na Escala 1:500 000, SGP."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Naimi, B. (2016, February 25). Usdm: Uncertainty Analysis for Species Distribution Models (Version 1.1-12). Available online: https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/usdm\/."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"5","article-title":"The ade4 package\u2014I: One-table methods","volume":"4","author":"Chessel","year":"2004","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeileis, A., Kleiber, C., and Jackman, S. (2008). Regression models for count data in R. J. Stat. Softw., 27.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i08"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(86)90002-3","article-title":"Specification and testing of some modified count data models","volume":"33","author":"Mullahy","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1269547","article-title":"Zero-Inflated Poisson Regression, with an Application to Defects in Manufacturing","volume":"34","author":"Lambert","year":"1992","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"R Core Team (2015, December 25). R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria (Version 3.2.0). Available online: http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P.R., O\u2019Hara, R.B., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., and Wagner, H. (2016, February 25). Vegan: Community Ecology Package (Version 2.2-1). Available online: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=vegan."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Jackman, S. (2015). Pscl: Classes and Methods for R Developed in the Political Science Computational Laboratory (Version 1.4.9), Department of Political Science, Stanford University."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R., and Burnham, K.P. (2002). Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-1029-6","article-title":"AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology: Some background, observations and comparisons","volume":"65","author":"Burnham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Worldwide bioclimatic classification system","volume":"1","author":"Penas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Geobot."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00038700","article-title":"Climate and plant distribution at global and local scales","volume":"69","author":"Woodward","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"15","article-title":"do Quercus L.","volume":"Volume II","author":"Castroviejo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Flora iberica: Plantas Vasculares de la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica e Islas Baleares"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1656.1","article-title":"Are pine plantations valid tools for restoring mediterranean forests? An assessment along abiotic and biotic gradients","volume":"19","author":"Zavala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:19970102","article-title":"Growth and morphology of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L) seedlings in relation to shading and drought","volume":"54","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Sci. For."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(97)00326-5","article-title":"The influence of shading on growth and morphology in seedlings of Quercus robur L. and Fagus sylvatica L.","volume":"107","author":"Welander","year":"1998","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1127(94)03482-C","article-title":"Productivity of young shaded oaks (Quercus robur L.) as corresponding to shoot morphology and leaf anatomy","volume":"72","author":"Ziegenhagen","year":"1995","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-002-0184-4","article-title":"The greater seedling high-light tolerance of Quercus robur over Fagus sylvatica is linked to a greater physiological plasticity","volume":"16","author":"Valladares","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trees Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VEGE.0000029381.63336.20","article-title":"Pines and oaks in the restoration of Mediterranean landscapes of Spain: New perspectives for an old practice\u2014A review","volume":"171","author":"Pausas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1071\/WF10063","article-title":"Fuel age, weather and burn probability in Portugal","volume":"21","author":"Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.02.045","article-title":"Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions from residential wood combustion in Portugal","volume":"72","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.12.013","article-title":"Inventory of fine particulate organic compound emissions from residential wood combustion in Portugal","volume":"50","author":"Alves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"11","article-title":"Patterns of shrub diversity and tree regeneration across topographic and stand-structural gradients in a Mediterranean forest","volume":"24","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1890\/100084","article-title":"Mediterranean cork oak savannas require human use to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services","volume":"9","author":"Bugalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, M.P., Belo, A.F., Fernandes, M., and Madeira, M. (2015). Regeneration patterns of Quercus suber according to montado management systems. Agrofor. Syst., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-015-9818-6"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Capelo, J. (2007). Nemorum Transtaganae Descriptio: Sintaxonomia Num\u00e9rica das Comunidades Florestais e Pr\u00e9-florestais do Baixo Alentejo. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa-Instituto Superior de Agronomia]."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2005.09.002","article-title":"Compatibility of livestock grazing with stand regeneration in Mediterranean holm oak parklands","volume":"15","author":"Plieninger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2010.01865.x","article-title":"Multiple pathways for tree regeneration in anthropogenic savannas: Incorporating biotic and abiotic drivers into management schemes","volume":"47","author":"Pulido","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(00)00443-6","article-title":"Size structure and regeneration of Spanish holm oak Quercus ilex forests and dehesas: Effects of agroforestry use on their long-term sustainability","volume":"146","author":"Pulido","year":"2001","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2014.08.030","article-title":"Post-fire plant diversity and abundance in pine and eucalypt stands in Portugal: Effects of biogeography, topography, forest type and post-fire management","volume":"334","author":"Maia","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"101","article-title":"Enumeraci\u00f3n de los quercus de la pen\u00ednsula ib\u00e9rica","volume":"6","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rivasgodaya"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-003-0284-9","article-title":"Effects of a severe drought on Quercus ilex radial growth and xylem anatomy","volume":"18","author":"Corcuera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trees Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpu055","article-title":"Differences in photosynthetic activity might explain the large-scale shifts in pine recruitment in favour of oaks in continental Mediterranean climates","volume":"88","author":"Corcuera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836901001376","article-title":"The foraging ecology of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Mediterranean environment: Is a larger body size advantageous?","volume":"255","author":"Bugalho","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(03)00125-7","article-title":"The composition of the diet of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Mediterranean environment: A case of summer nutritional constraint?","volume":"181","author":"Bugalho","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-012-0996-9","article-title":"Seed storage in polyethylene bags of a recalcitrant species (Quercus ilex): Analysis of some bio-energetic and oxidative parameters","volume":"34","author":"Pasquini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1071\/WF12215","article-title":"Post-fire response variability in Mediterranean Basin tree species in Portugal","volume":"22","author":"Catry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12001","article-title":"Resprouting as a key functional trait: How buds, protection and resources drive persistence after fire","volume":"197","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12105","article-title":"Patterns and drivers of regeneration of tree species in forests of peninsular Spain","volume":"40","author":"Vayreda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Murdoch, D., and Chow, E.D. (2013, May 31). Ellipse: Functions for Drawing Ellipses and Ellipse-Like Confidence Regions (Version 0.3-8). Available online: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=ellipse."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1144\/gsjgs.148.5.0825","article-title":"The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks","volume":"148","author":"Streckeisen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geol. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Le Maitre, R.W., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B., Le Bas, M.J., Bonin, B., Bateman, P., Bellieni, G., Dudeck, A., Efremova, S., and Keller, J. (2004). Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"(2011, September 26). Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral do Territ\u00f3rio Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal-Vers\u00e3o 2011. Available online: http:\/\/www.dgterritorio.pt\/cartografia_e_geodesia\/cartografia\/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal__caop_\/caop__download_\/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2011\/."}],"container-title":["Forests"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/9\/11\/694\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:28:39Z","timestamp":1760196519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/9\/11\/694"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["f9110694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f9110694","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]}}}