{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:44:31Z","timestamp":1761198271672,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402752\/2023-6","305858\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402752\/2023-6","305858\/2023-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optogenetics leverages light to control neural circuits, but traditional systems are often bulky and tethered, limiting their use. This work introduces OptoBrain, a novel, portable wireless system for optogenetics designed to overcome these challenges. The system integrates modules for multichannel data acquisition, smart neurostimulation, and continuous processing, with a focus on low-power and low-voltage operation. OptoBrain features up to eight neuronal acquisition channels with a low input-referred noise (e.g., 0.99 \u00b5VRMS at 250 sps with 1 V\/V gain), and reliably streams data via a Bluetooth 5.0 link at a measured throughput of up to 400 kbps. Experimental results demonstrate robust performance, highlighting its potential as a simple, practical, and low-cost solution for emerging optogenetics research centers and enabling new avenues in neuroscience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17100465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:32:47Z","timestamp":1760099567000},"page":"465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["OptoBrain: A Wireless Sensory Interface for Optogenetics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7248-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo de Albuquerque Pacheco","family":"Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Trab. S\u00e3o Carlense, 400\u2014Parque Arnold Schimidt, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0370-4700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder Eiki","family":"Oshiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Trab. S\u00e3o Carlense, 400\u2014Parque Arnold Schimidt, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Augusto","family":"Ginja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Trab. S\u00e3o Carlense, 400\u2014Parque Arnold Schimidt, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Colombari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathology, State University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNESP), Rua Humait\u00e1, 1680 Centro, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Celeste","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6275-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7955-7503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Pereira do","family":"Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Trab. S\u00e3o Carlense, 400\u2014Parque Arnold Schimidt, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.324","article-title":"Optogenetics","volume":"8","author":"Deisseroth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2.16.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0216s58","article-title":"Use of Channelrhodopsin for Activation of CNS Neurons","volume":"58","author":"Britt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1110-48","article-title":"Controlling the brain with light","volume":"303","author":"Deisseroth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. 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