{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:39:08Z","timestamp":1760243948174,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,22]],"date-time":"2010-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1287705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical burst switching provides a feasible paradigm for the next IP over optical backbones. However its burst loss performance can be highly affected by burst contention. In this paper we discuss traffic engineering approaches for path selection with the objective tominimize contention using only topological information. The discussed strategies are based on balancing the traffic across the network in order to reduce congestion without incurring into link state protocol penalties. The routing strategies are evaluated by simulation on an optical burst switching model specifically developed for the purpose with OMNeT++. Results show that our strategies outperform the traditionally used shortest path routing to an extent that depends on the network connectivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi2040559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,22]],"date-time":"2010-10-22T11:10:20Z","timestamp":1287745820000},"page":"559-586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Intrinsic TE Approach for End-to-End QoS Provisioning in OBS Networks Using Static Load-Balanced Routing Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Alvaro L.","family":"Barradas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Electronics Optoelectronics and Telecommunications (CEOT), University of the Algarve, FCT Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria do Carmo R.","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Electronics Optoelectronics and Telecommunications (CEOT), University of the Algarve, FCT Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Optical Burst Switching (OBS)\u2014A New Paradigm for an Optical Internet","volume":"8","author":"Qiao","year":"1999","journal-title":"JHSN"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2004.1301018","article-title":"Optical burst switching: A new area in optical networking research","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1109\/49.887906","article-title":"Control architecture in optical burst-switched WDM networks","volume":"18","author":"Xiong","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1364\/JON.3.000229","article-title":"Recent progress in the scheduling algorithms in optical-burst-switched networks","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Opt. Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Jue, J.P., and Vokkarane, V.M. (2005). Optical Burst Switched Networks, Springer."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2003.815681","article-title":"Prioritized burst segmentation and composite burst-assembly techniques for QoS support in optical burst-switched networks","volume":"21","author":"Vokkarane","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.08.043","article-title":"Provision of differentiated performance in Optical Burst Switching networks based on burst assembly processes","volume":"30","author":"Jin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2004.836289","article-title":"Absolute QoS differentiation in optical burst-switched networks","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2005.851794","article-title":"Wavelength Selection in OBS Networks Using Traffic Engineering and Priority-Based Concepts","volume":"23","author":"Teng","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1364\/JON.4.000759","article-title":"Traffic engeneering approach to path selection in optical burst switching networks","volume":"4","author":"Teng","year":"2005","journal-title":"OSA J. Opt. Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2004.07.019","article-title":"Dynamic load balancing in IP-over-WDM optical burst switching networks","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.10.013","article-title":"Performance analysis of adaptive multipath load balancing in WDM-LOBS networks","volume":"30","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.09.0108.0373","article-title":"Edge-Node Deployed Routing Strategies for Load Balancing in Optical Burst Switched Networks","volume":"31","author":"Barradas","year":"2009","journal-title":"ETRI J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11107-009-0221-y","article-title":"Pre-planned optical burst switched routing strategies considering the streamline effect","volume":"19","author":"Barradas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photonic Netw. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.02.017","article-title":"Route optimization in optical burst switched networks considering the streamline effect","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2008.925718","article-title":"Dynamic Versus Static Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks","volume":"26","author":"Bayvel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Tech."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Li, K. (, January December). Heuristic algorithms for routing and wavelength assignment in WDM optical networks. Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing IPDPS, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Klinkowski, M. (2007). Offset Time-Emulated Architecture for Optical Burst Switching\u2014Modeling and Performance Evaluation. [PhD Thesis, Department d\u2019Arquitectura de Computadores, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3233\/HSN-2007-311","article-title":"Optical burst switching network: A multi-layered approach","volume":"16","author":"Farahmand","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. High Speed Netw."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier, M. (2008). Optical Switching Networks, Cambridge University Press. Chapter 9.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511619731"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"35","article-title":"Study of the Impact of Burst Assembly Algorithms in Optical Burst Switched Networks with Self-Similar Input Traffic","volume":"3","author":"Azodolmolky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transparent Opt. Network."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarwar, S., Wallentin, L., Franzl, G., and van As, H.R. (, January September). Composite burst assembly with high-priority packets in the middle of burst. Proceedings of BROADNETS 2008: The 5th International Conference on Broadband Communications, Networks and Systems, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/BROADNETS.2008.4769058"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Jue, J.P., and Vokkarane, V.M. (2005). Optical Burst Switched Networks, Springer. Chapter 4."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osn.2006.09.004","article-title":"Intermediate-node-initiation (INI): A generalized signaling framework for optical burst-switched networks","volume":"4","author":"Vokkarane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Switching Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannie, E.E.A. (2004). Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Architecture. RFC, RFC 3945.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3945"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2003.1222715","article-title":"An introduction to optical burst switching","volume":"41","author":"Battestilli","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Chua, K.C., Gurusamy, M., Liu, Y., and Phung, M.H. (2007). Quality of Service in Optical Burst Switched Networks, Springer. Chapter 5."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osn.2006.05.003","article-title":"A survey of differentiated QoS schemes in optical burst switched networks","volume":"3","author":"Praveen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Switching Netw."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Klinkowski, M., Careglio, D., Spadaro, S., and Sole-Pareta, J. (, January July). Impact of burst length differentiation on QoS performance in OBS networks. Proceedings of 7th International Conference Transparent Optical Networks, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Vokkarane, V., Vokkarane, V., Zhang, Q., Jue, J., and Chen, B. (, January November). Generalized burst assembly and scheduling techniques for QoS support in optical burst-switched networks. Proceedings of GLOBECOM \u201902: IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Arakawa, Y., Sakuta, M., and Sasase, I. (, January August). QoS scheme with burst dropping in optical burst switching. Proceedings of IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and signal Processing, Victoria, Canada."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Hamdi, M., and Tsang, D. (, January November). Proportional QoS over OBS networks. Proceedings of GLOBECOM \u201901: IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Vokkarane, V., Chen, B., and Jue, J. (, January June). Early drop scheme for providing absolute QoS differentiation in optical burst-switched networks. Proceedings of 2003 Workshop on HPSR High Performance Switching and Routing, Torino, Italy."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Vokkarane, V., Chen, B., and Jue, J. (, January December). Early drop and wavelength grouping schemes for providing absolute QoS differentiation in optical burst-switched networks. Proceedings of GLOBECOM \u201903: IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"396","article-title":"New optical burst-switching protocol for supporting quality of service","volume":"Volume 3531","author":"Senior","year":"1998","journal-title":"All-Optical Networking: Architecture, Control, and Management Issues"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Yoo, M., and Qiao, C. (, January December). Supporting multiple classes of services in IP over WDM networks. Proceedings of GLOBECOM \u201999: Global Telecommunications Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1109\/49.887925","article-title":"QoS performance of optical burst switching in IP-over-WDM networks","volume":"18","author":"Yoo","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1109\/4234.1001668","article-title":"Blocking probability for priority classes in optical burst switching networks","volume":"6","author":"Vu","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Mikoshi, T., and Takenaka, T. (, January April). Improvement of burst transmission delay using offset time for burst assembly in optical burt switching. Proceedings of 7th Asia-Pacific Symposium on Information and Telecommunication Technologies, Bandos Island, Maldives."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2003.815845","article-title":"FRR for latency reduction and QoS provisioning in OBS networks","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Loi, C.H., Liao, W., and Yang, D.N. (, January November). Service differentiation in optical burst switched networks. Proceedings of GLOBECOM \u201902: IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2004.11.002","article-title":"Providing absolute QoS through virtual channel reservation in optical burst switching networks","volume":"28","author":"Guan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2007.898846","article-title":"An Absolute QoS Framework for Loss Guarantees in Optical Burst-Switched Networks","volume":"55","author":"Phung","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Marchetto, G. (, January May). Minimizing Preemption Probability to Efficiently Support Service Differentiation in Just-in-Time Based OBS Networks. Proceedings of ICC \u201908: IEEE International Conference on Communications, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Yang, L., Jiang, Y., and Jiang, S. (, January December). A probabilistic preemptive scheme for providing service differentiation in OBS networks. Proceedings of GLOBECOM \u201903: IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2006.258227","article-title":"Achieving Multi-Class Service Differentiation in WDM Optical Burst Switching Networks: A Probabilistic Preemptive Burst Segmentation Scheme","volume":"24","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2008.081178","article-title":"Loss differentiation in OBS networks without wavelength-conversion capability","volume":"12","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Liu, D., and Liu, M. (, January August). Differentiated services and scheduling scheme in optical burst-switched WDM networks. Proceedings of 10th IEEE International Conference on Networks, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Yang, M., Zheng, S., and Verchere, D. (, January November). A QoS supporting scheduling algorithm for optical burst switching WDMM networks. Proceedings of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Kozlovsky, E., and Bayvel, P. (2003). Next Generation Optical Network Design and Modelling, Kluwer."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Wen, H., Song, H., Li, L., and Wang, S. (, January August). Load-balancing contention resolution in LOBS based on GMPLS. Proceedings of PDCAT\u20192003: the Fourth International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies, Chengdu, China."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Wang, S., Zhu, K., Datta, D., Kim, Y.C., and Mukherjee, B. (, January November). Pre-planned global rerouting for fault management in labeled optical burst-switched WDM networks. Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM 2004, Dallas, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Thodime, G., Vokkarane, V., and Jue, J. (, January December). Dynamic congestion-based load balanced routing in optical burst-switched networks. Proceedings of GLOBECOM \u201903: IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2006.878087","article-title":"Adaptive path selection in OBS networks","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Tech."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC-OCN.2007.028806","article-title":"A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Path Selection and Wavelength Selection in Optical Burst Switched Networks","volume":"25","author":"Kiran","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Phung, M., Chua, K., Mohan, G., Motani, M., and Wong, T. (, January October). The streamline effect in OBS networks and its application in load balancing. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Broadband Networks, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Mohan, G., and Chua, K.C. (, January June). Offline Route Optimization Considering Streamline Effect in Optical Burst Switching Networks. Proceedings of ICC \u201906: IEEE International Conference on Communications, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"IBM ILOG CPLEX home page. Available online: http:\/\/www-01.ibm.com\/software\/integration\/optimization\/cplex\/."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"OMNeT++ home page. Available online: http:\/\/www.omnetpp.org."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2004.833527","article-title":"Traffic statistics and performance evaluation in optical burst switched networks","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Tech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1109\/50.554330","article-title":"Wavelength requirements in arbitrarily connected wavelength-routed optical networks","volume":"15","author":"Baroni","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Tech."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/4234.831037","article-title":"On optical burst switching and self-similar traffic","volume":"4","author":"Ge","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Izal, M., and Aracil, J. (, January November). On the influence of self-similarity on optical burst switching traffic. Proceedings of GLOBECOM \u201902: IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vokkarane, V.M., Haridoss, K., and Jue, J.P. (, January July). Threshold-based burst assembly policies for QoS support in optical burst-switched networks. Proceedings of SPIE OptiComm 2002, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.475291"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Gjessing, S., and Maus, A. (, January October). Discrete Event Simulation of a large OBS Network. Proceedings of International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Big Island, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Chua, K.C., Gurusamy, M., Liu, Y., and Phung, M.H. (2007). Quality of Service in Optical Burst Switched Networks, Springer."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2006.1613751","article-title":"Performance analysis of a bufferless OBS node considering the streamline effect","volume":"10","author":"Phung","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-31956-6_6","article-title":"The Role of Meshing Degree in Optical Burst Switching Networks Using Signaling Protocols with One-Way Reservation Schemes","volume":"3420","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2005.06.008","article-title":"Research challenges in QoS routing","volume":"29","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/2\/4\/559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:03:39Z","timestamp":1760220219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/2\/4\/559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,22]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["fi2040559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi2040559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,22]]}}}