{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T09:11:46Z","timestamp":1776244306733,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["175609PRJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["175609PRJ"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/05975\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05975\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fibers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of asbestos, once celebrated for its versatility and fire-resistant properties, has left a lasting legacy of environmental degradation and public health risks. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impacts and health risks associated with asbestos, highlighting its widespread use, environmental persistence, and adverse effects on human health. Through a literature review, this study examines the historical context of asbestos use, its adverse environmental effects and the mechanisms by which exposure to asbestos poses significant health risks, including the development of asbestos-related diseases such as mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, etc. It also assesses the current regulatory framework and provides a methodological analysis of the strategy for recycling end-of-life materials containing asbestos fibers, proposing the inclusion of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) in the rock wool industry to reduce Greenhouse Gasses (GHG) emissions. Drawing on interdisciplinary insights from environmental science, public health, and regulatory analysis, this paper concludes with recommendations for improving asbestos management strategies, promoting safer alternatives and mitigating the long-term environmental and human health impacts of asbestos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fib12120102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T04:02:18Z","timestamp":1732593738000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Use of Asbestos and Its Consequences: An Assessment of Environmental Impacts and Public Health Risks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5828-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Curado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua da Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5404-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel J. R.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua da Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2125-3464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arlete","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua da Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4595-3641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua da Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua da Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4603-1032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua da Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.650.38","article-title":"Energy efficient sustainable building materials: An overview","volume":"650","author":"Hussain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"OBE, R.K.D., de Brito, J., Silva, R.V., and Lye, C.Q. (2019). Sustainable Construction Materials: Recycled Aggregates, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, P.-Y., Mj\u00f6rnell, K., Mangold, M., Sandels, C., and Johansson, T. (2021). A data-driven approach to assess the risk of encountering hazardous materials in the building stock based on environmental inventories. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13147836"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Asbestos presence in 20th century buildings","volume":"4","author":"Elizalde","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eng. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Townsend, T.G., and Anshassi, M. (2023). Hazardous and dangerous materials in CDD. Construction and Demolition Debris, Springer. Waste Management Principles and Practice.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-25013-2"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"99","article-title":"Geochemistry of amphibole asbestos from northeastern Portugal and its use in monitoring the environmental impact of asbestos from quarrying","volume":"97","author":"Teixeira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comun. Geol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.08.038","article-title":"Treatments of asbestos containing wastes","volume":"204","author":"Spasiano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincenten, J., George, F., Martuzzi, M., Schr\u00f6der-B\u00e4ck, P., and Paunovic, E. (2017). Barriers and Facilitators to the Elimination of Asbestos Related Diseases\u2014Stakeholders\u2019 Perspectives. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101269"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, T.-A., Belluso, E., Vigliaturo, R., Gier\u00e9, R., Emmett, E.A., Testa, J.R., Steinhorn, G., and Wallis, S.L. (2022). Asbestos and other hazardous fibrous minerals: Potential exposure pathways and associated health risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074031"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2005, January 16\u201325). Resolutions and decisions, annex. Proceedings of the Fifty-Eighth World Health Assembly, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"393","article-title":"Cancer risk in the workplace, including asbestos","volume":"5","author":"Nicholson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Emergence and Spread of Artemisinin Resistance Calls for Intensified Efforts to Withdraw Oral Artemisinin-Based Monotherapy from the Market, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2005). Decreto-Lei n\u00ba 101\/2005, Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica I S\u00e9rie\u2014A, 119 (05-06-23) 3937\u20133939, Minist\u00e9rio da Economia e da Inova\u00e7\u00e3o. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gualtieri, A.F., Lassinantti Gualtieri, M., Scognamiglio, V., and Di Giuseppe, D. (2022). Human health hazards associated with asbestos in building materials. Ecological and Health Effects of Building Materials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-76073-1_16"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2003). Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o da Assembleia Da Rep\u00fablica n.o 24\/2003, DR I-A S\u00e9rie. 77 (2003-04-01), Government of Portugal. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1159\/000527971","article-title":"Asbestos exposure and malignant pleural mesothelioma: A systematic review of literature","volume":"40","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Port. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2011). Lei n\u00ba 2\/2011. Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica I S\u00e9rie, 28 (11-02-09) 706, Government of Portugal. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2014). Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica n\u00ba 33\/2014, S\u00e9rie I de 2014-02-17, p\u00e1ginas 1435\u20131442, Government of Portugal. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4186\/ej.2016.20.4.79","article-title":"Synthesis of tobermorite from the ash after treatment of asbesto-containing disaster waste, and its removal ability of Cs (I) from aqueous solution","volume":"20","author":"Wajima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-019-00870-0","article-title":"Virtuous cycle of destruction and total recycling of pure asbestos and asbestos-containing waste","volume":"21","author":"Talbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.03.008","article-title":"Preparation of porous glass-ceramics from coal fly ash and asbestos tailings by high-temperature pore-forming","volume":"106","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2113\/gseegeosci.13.1.55","article-title":"The geology of asbestos in the United States and its practical applications","volume":"13","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqu175","article-title":"Working with asbestos and the possible health risks","volume":"65","author":"Sen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.09.008","article-title":"The mineral nature of asbestos","volume":"52","author":"Ross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.05.010","article-title":"Mesothelioma from chrysotile asbestos: Update","volume":"21","author":"Kanarek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-012-2222-9","article-title":"Thermal decomposition of different types of asbestos","volume":"109","author":"Kusiorowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00410-015-1219-3","article-title":"Serpentinization, element transfer, and the progressive development of zoning in veins: Evidence from a partially serpentinized harzburgite","volume":"171","author":"Schwarzenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contrib. Mineral. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2007.67.9","article-title":"Amphiboles in the igneous environment","volume":"67","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.47.6.361","article-title":"Asbestos: A chronology of its origins and health effects","volume":"47","author":"Murray","year":"1990","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.11.079","article-title":"Naturally occurring asbestos\u2014A recurring public policy challenge","volume":"153","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21359","article-title":"Mineral supply for sustainable development requires resource governance","volume":"543","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dogan, M., and Dogan, A.U. (2005). Asbestos Mineralogy and Health Effects, in Malignant Mesothelioma: Advances in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Translational Therapies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-28274-2_13"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1086\/625982","article-title":"Chemical bonds and distribution of cations in silicates","volume":"60","author":"Ramberg","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Geol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2006.04.008","article-title":"The health effects of chrysotile: Current perspective based upon recent data","volume":"45","author":"Bernstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croce, A., Arrais, A., and Rinaudo, C. (2018). Raman micro-spectroscopy identifies carbonaceous particles lying on the surface of crocidolite, amosite, and chrysotile fibers. Minerals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8060249"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-018-0793-7","article-title":"Asbestos treatment technologies","volume":"21","author":"Paolini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"665","article-title":"Health effects of asbestos and nonasbestos fibers","volume":"108","author":"Osinubi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dichicco, M.C., Paternoster, M., Rizzo, G., and Sinisi, R. (2019). Mineralogical asbestos assessment in the southern Apennines (Italy): A review. Fibers, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib7030024"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/00206811003679836","article-title":"What is asbestos and why is it important? Challenges of defining and characterizing asbestos","volume":"52","author":"Strohmeier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2023.105339","article-title":"High-temperature resistance of cement composites with randomly distributed aluminium silicate fibbers","volume":"145","author":"Pommer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.102","article-title":"Traditional, state-of-the-art and renewable thermal building insulation materials: An overview","volume":"214","author":"Mourad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.09.068","article-title":"Morphological changes during enhanced carbonation of asbestos containing material and its comparison to magnesium silicate minerals","volume":"264","author":"Gadikota","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10263","article-title":"Asbestos fiber length as related to potential pathogenicity: A critical review","volume":"44","author":"Dodson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-59","article-title":"Quantification of short and long asbestos fibers to assess asbestos exposure: A review of fiber size toxicity","volume":"13","author":"Boulanger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.19.0645","article-title":"Asbestos-related diseases","volume":"24","author":"Musk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408368509176814","article-title":"The role of analytical techniques in the diagnosis of asbestos-associated disease","volume":"22","author":"Vallyathan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000152917.03649.0e","article-title":"Chronologic history of occupational medicine","volume":"47","author":"Gochfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1163\/156853215X00149","article-title":"Asbestos and Salamander, an essay in Chinese and Hellenistic Folk-Lore","volume":"16","author":"Laufer","year":"1915","journal-title":"T\u2019oung Pao"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1179\/004049603235001454","article-title":"Salamander\u2019s wool: The historical evidence for textiles woven with asbestos fibre","volume":"34","author":"Browne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Text. Hist."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko\u015bny, J., and Yarbrough, W. (2022). Short history of thermal insulation and radiation control technologies used in architecture. Thermal Insulation and Radiation Control Technologies for Buildings, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98693-3"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3197\/197337314X13927191904844","article-title":"A comparative perspective of asbestos as an industrial and environmental hazard","volume":"7","author":"Erker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163456","article-title":"Sustainable management of hazardous asbestos-containing materials: Containment, stabilization and inertization","volume":"881","author":"Bolan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2014.09.016","article-title":"The global spread of asbestos","volume":"80","author":"Frank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/19338241003776104","article-title":"Asbestos is still with us: Repeat call for a universal ban","volume":"65","author":"Ramazzini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.6.460","article-title":"Chemical Weapons\u2014Threat, Effects and Protection","volume":"60","author":"Maynard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2016.1195323","article-title":"Mesothelioma from asbestos exposures: Epidemiologic patterns and impact in the United States","volume":"19","author":"Lemen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.1.35","article-title":"Asbestos related diseases from environmental exposure to crocidolite in Da-yao, China. I. Review of exposure and epidemiological data","volume":"60","author":"Luo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291121996645","article-title":"A review of the talc industry\u2019s influence on federal regulation and scientific standards for asbestos in talc","volume":"31","author":"Bird","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Solut. J. Environ. Occup. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"479","article-title":"The Any Exposure Theory: An Unsound Basis for Asbestos Causation and Expert Testimony","volume":"37","author":"Behrens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Southwest. Univ. Law Rev. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2003.9.3.173","article-title":"The asbestos war","volume":"9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(1976). Council Directive 76\/769\/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the Approximation of the Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions of the Member States Relating to Restrictions on the Marketing and Use of Certain Dangerous Substances and Preparations, European Union."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Staying Power of Asbestos Hazards: A Critical Environmental Justice Case Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sociol. Between Gaps Forgot. Neglected Top."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.132118","article-title":"Asbestos: Use, bans and disease burden in Europe","volume":"92","author":"Kameda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.16-2002-ST","article-title":"The global health dimensions of asbestos and asbestos-related diseases","volume":"58","author":"Ramazzini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2491","article-title":"Environmental Health Education for Asbestos-Contaminated Communities in Italy: The Casale Monferrato Case Study","volume":"85","author":"Marsili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002285","article-title":"The case for a global ban on asbestos","volume":"118","author":"LaDou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Maines, R. (2013). Asbestos and Fire: Technological Tradeoffs and the Body at Risk, Rutgers University Press."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deegoda, I., Buddika, S., Yapa, H., Navaratnam, S., and Zhang, G. (2023). Review on the Application of Organic Fibers as Substitutes for Asbestos in Thin Fiber Cement Sheets from a Sri Lankan Perspective. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151310235"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-022-00874-w","article-title":"Asbestos awareness among the residents of St. Kitts and Nevis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Jeffers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/14773996.2018.1492239","article-title":"What will go wrong has gone wrong: Asbestos exposure risk among construction workers in Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Moda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Policy Pract. Health Saf."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"121","article-title":"Asbestos: Mining exposure, health effects and policy implications","volume":"10","author":"Luus","year":"2007","journal-title":"McGill J. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157275","article-title":"Asbestos cement products and their impact on soil contamination in relation to various sources of anthropogenic and natural asbestos pollution","volume":"848","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"67","article-title":"Landfill in a sustainable waste disposal","volume":"2","author":"Osazee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogunwumi, O.T., and Salami, L. (2023). Perspective Chapter: Industrial Waste Landfills. Solid Waste and Landfills Management\u2014Recent Advances, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.108787"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkitny, W., Wojcik, W., and Generowicz, A. (2017). Logistic problem connected with removing asbestos as dangerous waste from terrains of country communes. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 95.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/95\/4\/042062"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e32832f9bee","article-title":"The health impact of nonoccupational exposure to asbestos: What do we know?","volume":"18","author":"Goldberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1161","article-title":"Multicentric study on malignant pleural mesothelioma and non-occupational exposure to asbestos","volume":"83","author":"Magnani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(82)80227-X","article-title":"Fiber counting and analysis in the diagnosis of asbestos-related disease","volume":"13","author":"Churg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22709","article-title":"Asbestos, asbestosis, and cancer: The Helsinki criteria for diagnosis and attribution. Critical need for revision of the 2014 update","volume":"60","author":"Baur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2012-0118","article-title":"Asbestos exposure among construction workers during demolition of old houses in Tehran, Iran","volume":"52","author":"Kakooei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2018). Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica n\u00ba 195\/2018, S\u00e9rie I de 2018-10-10, p\u00e1ginas 4908\u20134908, Assembleia da Rep\u00fablica. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"CD015158","article-title":"Personal protective equipment for preventing asbestos exposure in workers","volume":"2022","author":"Verbeek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"e00221","article-title":"Making asbestos-cement products safe using heat treatment","volume":"10","author":"Iwaszko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128801","article-title":"Thermal treatment optimization of asbestos cement waste (ACW) potentializing its use as alternative binder","volume":"320","author":"Carneiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-015-9231-6","article-title":"Utilisation of cement-asbestos wastes by thermal treatment and the potential possibility use of obtained product for the clinker bricks manufacture","volume":"50","author":"Kusiorowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."}],"container-title":["Fibers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6439\/12\/12\/102\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:39:20Z","timestamp":1760114360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6439\/12\/12\/102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["fib12120102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fib12120102","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6439","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]}}}