{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:09:27Z","timestamp":1760234967684,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101003890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003890"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fire"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A conceptual model based on the balance of energy in a system composed of a burning cigarette, ambient flow and a porous fuel bed is proposed to study the burning of a single cigarette and the process of fuel bed dehydration, pyrolysis and its eventual ignition or combustion extinction. Model predictions of time to ignition and of the probability of ignition as a function of fuel bed moisture content and ambient flow velocity are compared with results obtained in laboratory ignition tests of straw fuel beds for various ambient conditions. According to this study, the main parameters influencing the models developed are the fuel bed and tobacco moisture content, as well as the flow velocity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fire4030035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T23:53:51Z","timestamp":1625615631000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ignition of Fuel Beds by Cigarettes: A Conceptual Model to Assess Fuel Bed Moisture Content and Wind Velocity Effect on the Ignition Time and Probability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Domingos Xavier","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, ADAI, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7616-869X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, ADAI, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7626-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fire Safety Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea"},{"name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06289.x","article-title":"Time to legislate for fire-safe cigarettes in Australia","volume":"181","author":"Chapman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"unstructured":"Loureiro, M. (2008). Igni\u00e7\u00e3o de Combust\u00edveis Florestais por Part\u00edculas com Elevada Temperatura. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Coimbra]. (In Portuguese).","key":"ref_2"},{"unstructured":"Galante, M. (2005, January 16\u201319). As Causas dos Inc\u00eandios Florestais em Portugal Continental. Proceedings of the 5th Congresso Florestal Nacional, Lisboa, Portugal. (In Portuguese).","key":"ref_3"},{"unstructured":"Fire Program Statistics (2021, May 19). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Available online: www.fws.gov\/fire\/program_statistics\/.","key":"ref_4"},{"unstructured":"(2021, May 19). Seccion de Estadisticas Historicas CONAF (Chile). Available online: http:\/\/www.conaf.cl\/proteccion\/seccion-estadisticas-historicas.html.","key":"ref_5"},{"unstructured":"Viegas, D.X., and ADAI-CEIF (2010). Ignition of Surface Fuels by Cigarette in Forest Fire. VI International Conference on Forest Fire Research, University of Coimbra. 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Forests, 9.","key":"ref_13","DOI":"10.3390\/f9090507"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"215","article-title":"Modification of the NIST Test for measuring the Ignition Propensity of Cigarettes","volume":"18","author":"McRae","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Fire Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40038-016-0011-4","article-title":"The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes","volume":"5","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fire Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1071\/WF9910177","article-title":"Wall shear-stress as a Parameter to Correlate the Rate of Spread of a Wind Induced Forest Fire","volume":"1","author":"Viegas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"unstructured":"Costa, F.S. (2003, January 21\u201323). Natural Smouldering of Cigarettes. 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