{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T13:01:19Z","timestamp":1777294879137,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EEA-Financial Mechanism 2014\u20132021","award":["PCIF\/GRF\/0204\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/GRF\/0204\/2017"]}]},{"name":"EEA-Financial Mechanism 2014\u20132021","award":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Environment Agency through Pre-defined Project-2 National Roadmap for Adaptation XXI (PDP-2)","award":["PCIF\/GRF\/0204\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/GRF\/0204\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Environment Agency through Pre-defined Project-2 National Roadmap for Adaptation XXI (PDP-2)","award":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Forecasting fire probability and characteristic for a habitable pyro environment (Fire-Cast)","award":["PCIF\/GRF\/0204\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/GRF\/0204\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Forecasting fire probability and characteristic for a habitable pyro environment (Fire-Cast)","award":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) I.P.\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIF\/GRF\/0204\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/GRF\/0204\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) I.P.\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fire"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Fire Weather Index (FWI) is used to assess meteorological fire danger worldwide. It has been argued that it lacks an atmospheric instability term. A new enhanced FWI (FWIe) was recently developed incorporating atmospheric instability in the form of the Continuous Haines Index (CHI). Here, the first climatological and evolution analysis of these indexes was performed using ERA5 data for the 1980\u20132020 period. There was a prevalence of higher values over central Iberia; these were heavily modulated by the climate types, topography, and land cover. Southwest and east Iberia suffered the greatest decadal increases in all three indexes. Relating both indexes to occurrences detected by satellite, through fire radiative power (FRP), showed that FWIe provided an improved meteorological fire danger assessment in higher-risk conditions. This showed that greater-risk observations were more prone to be affected by atmospheric instability than lower-danger observations. Case studies for the 2017 central Portugal and 2003 and 2018 Monchique wildfires were additionally conducted to verify these conclusions. This work points to the usefulness of FWIe when\/where atmospheric instability may play a critical role in the development of wildfires, which may contribute to a more focused deployment of suppression mechanisms by the authorities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fire6030120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T04:39:45Z","timestamp":1678855185000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An Evaluation of the Atmospheric Instability Effect on Wildfire Danger Using ERA5 over the Iberian Peninsula"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3319-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-4805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel M.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9574-3090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virg\u00edlio A.","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia A.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos C.","family":"DaCamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro M. M.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo M.","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-919, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.02.014","article-title":"Estimating future burned areas under changing climate in the EU-Mediterranean countries","volume":"450","author":"Amatulli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. 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