{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:28:38Z","timestamp":1775593718429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIF\/AGT\/0054\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/AGT\/0054\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04084\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04084\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fire"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to explore differences in the perceptions of professional and voluntary firefighters regarding the extreme wildfire events that occurred in Portugal in 2017. We collected a sample of 185 participants, professional and voluntary firefighters, who directly participated in suppression activities for the Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o Grande and October 2017 wildfires in Portugal. They were on duty in 149 fire stations in the Central Region of Portugal. A questionnaire was sent via Google Form to participants, based mainly on close-ended and two open-ended questions. It was structured into topics concerning the characteristics of wildfire events, the problems that occurred during the suppression activity, the emotional response of participants to the events, the lessons learned, and the consequences. We found significant differences between the two groups in their perception of wildfire characteristics and their perception of the worst fires they had ever experienced. Some differences were found in their discussion of the suppression phase and their emotional response to fires. On the contrary, the two groups appear to be homogeneous when it comes to no significant changes after the deadly 2017 experience in terms of the fight against rural fires, organization, training, prevention, and careers. The results underline the inadequacy of the suppression model vs. extreme wildfire events, and also its limits from the point of view of psychological reactions and the perception of management problems occurring in extreme and complex events. There is a research gap and no examples in Portugal about the perception of firefighters of the complex flow of activities that characterize the suppression operation of extreme wildfire events. Our research fills this gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fire6040133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T06:34:07Z","timestamp":1679639647000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The 2017 Extreme Wildfires Events in Portugal through the Perceptions of Volunteer and Professional Firefighters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Leone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Systems, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4382-2752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences (DISSPA), University of Bari, 70199 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4774-7315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Lovreglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, 08100 Nuoro, Italy"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Geography and Spatial Planning, CEGOT, Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Porto, Via Panor\u00e2mica, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5435-2170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fantina","family":"Tedim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Geography and Spatial Planning, CEGOT, Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Porto, Via Panor\u00e2mica, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedim, F., Leone, V., Amraoui, M., Bouillon, C., Coughlan, M., Delogu, G., Fernandes, P., Ferreira, C., McCaffrey, S., and McGee, T. (2018). Defining Extreme Wildfire Events: Difficulties, Challenges, and Impacts. Fire, 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/fire1010009"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Casajus Valles, A., Marin Ferrer, M., Poljan\u0161ek, K., and Clark, I. (2020). Science for Disaster Risk Management 2020: Acting Today, Protecting Tomorrow, EUR 30183, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"52","article-title":"Wildfires in Portugal","volume":"2","author":"Viegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fire Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, D. (2018). Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018, Chapter 3\u2014Fire Management, University of Coimbra.","DOI":"10.14195\/978-989-26-16-506"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"NOAA (2022, December 09). OPHELIA Graphics Archive: Initial Wind Field and Watch\/Warning Graphic, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhc.noaa.gov\/archive\/2017\/OPHELIA_graphics.php."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Viegas, D. (2018). Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018\u2014Chapter 5\u2014Decision Support Systems and Tools, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Durrant Houston, T., Boca, R., Liberta\u2018, G., Branco, A., De Rigo, D., Ferrari, D., Maianti, P., Artes Vivancos, T., and Costa, H. (2018). Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2017, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Comiss\u00e3o T\u00e9cnica Independente (CTI) (2018). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Dos Inc\u00eandios Ocorridos Entre 14 e 16 de Outubro de 2017 Em Portugal Continental. Relat\u00f3rio Final, Comiss\u00e3o T\u00e9cnica Independente."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Bank Group (2020). World Bank Policy Note: Managing Wildfires in A Changing Climate, World Bank Group."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Comiss\u00e3o T\u00e9cnica Independente (CTI) (2017). An\u00e1lise e Apuramento Dos Factos Relativos Aos Inc\u00eandios Que Ocorreram Em Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o Grande, Castanheira de P\u00eara, Ansi\u00e3o, Alvai\u00e1zere, Figueir\u00f3 Dos Vinhos, Arganil, G\u00f3is, Penela, Pampilhosa Da Serra, Oleiros e Sert\u00e3 Entre 17 e 24 de Junho de 2017, Assembleia da Rep\u00fablica."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Viegas, X., Almeida, M.F., Ribeiro, M., Raposo, J., Viegas, M.T., Oliveira, R., Alves, D., Pinto, C., Jorge, H., and Rodrigues, A. (2017). O Complexo de Inc\u00eandios de Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o Grande e Concelhos Lim\u00edtrofes, Iniciado a 17 de Junho de 2017, Universidade de Coimbra."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Viegas, X., Almeida, M.F., Ribeiro, M., De Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Domingos, E., Almeida, M.A., Raposo, J., Viegas, M.T., Oliveira, R., Alves, D., and Pinto, C. (2019). An\u00e1lise Dos Inc\u00eandios Florestais Ocorridos a 15 de Outubro de 2017, Universidade de Coimbra."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"ICNF (2017). Relat\u00f3rio Provis\u00f3rio de Inc\u00eandios Florestais\u20142017\u20141 de Janeiro a 16 de Outubro, ICNF."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"IPMA (2017). Condi\u00e7\u00f5es Meteorol\u00f3gicas Associadas Ao Inc\u00eandio de Pedrog\u00e3o Grande de 17 de Junho de 2017, IPMA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, D. (2018). Advances in forest fire research 2018\u2014Chapter 1\u2014Fire Risk Management, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra.","DOI":"10.14195\/978-989-26-16-506"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50281-2","article-title":"Climate Drivers of the 2017 Devastating Fires in Portugal","volume":"9","author":"Turco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, D. (2018). Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018\u2014Chapter 1\u2014Fire Risk Management, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra.","DOI":"10.14195\/978-989-26-16-506"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Almeida, M., Pinto, C., Prates, P., Rodrigues, A., Oliveira, R., Ribeiro, L.M., and Viegas, D.X. (2019). Incendios Forestales: Amenazas y Oportunidades Ante los Desaf\u00edos un Entorno Cambiante, PREVINFO Soluciones S.L."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, D.X. (2018). Advances in forest fire research 2018\u2014Chapter 4\u2014Fire at the Wildland Urban Interface, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra.","DOI":"10.14195\/978-989-26-16-506"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, L.M., Rodrigues, A., Lucas, D., and Viegas, D.X. (2020). The Impact on Structures of the Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o Grande Fire Complex in June 2017 (Portugal). Fire, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/fire3040057"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, D. (2018). Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra.","DOI":"10.14195\/978-989-26-16-506"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106056","article-title":"Population Exposure to Particulate-Matter and Related Mortality Due to the Portuguese Wildfires in October 2017 Driven by Storm Ophelia","volume":"144","author":"Augusto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Veigas, D. (2018). Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018\u2014Chapter 5\u2014Decision Support Systems and Tools, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Oliveira, R., Oliveira, S., Z\u00eazere, J., and Viegas, D. (2018). Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018\u2014Chapter 6\u2014Socio Economic Issues, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage4040146","article-title":"Understanding the Impacts of the October 2017 Portugal Wildfires on Cultural Heritage","volume":"4","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.14195\/1647-7723_26-2_4","article-title":"Grandes Inc\u00eandios Florestais de 17 de Junho de 2017 Em Portugal e Exemplos Da Determina\u00e7\u00e3o Das Respetivas Causas","volume":"26","author":"Mira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Territorium"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.7411","article-title":"The Climatology of Extreme Wildfires in Portugal, 1980\u20132018: Contributions to Forecasting and Preparedness","volume":"42","author":"Carmo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.044","article-title":"Heat Waves in Portugal: Current Regime, Changes in Future Climate and Impacts on Extreme Wildfires","volume":"631\u2013632","author":"Parente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.298","article-title":"Drought in Portugal: Current Regime, Comparison of Indices and Impacts on Extreme Wildfires","volume":"685","author":"Parente","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"317","article-title":"A Look at Forest Fires in Portugal: Technical, Institutional, and Social Perceptions","volume":"30","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"44","article-title":"Is a Contained Fire Less Risky than a Going Fire?: Career and Volunteer Firefighters\u2019 Perception of Risk","volume":"22","author":"Sadler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. J. Emerg. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.104545","article-title":"Firefighter Perception of Risk: A Multinational Analysis","volume":"123","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/08941920801910765","article-title":"An Examination of the Influence of Hazard Experience on Wildfire Risk Perceptions and Adoption of Mitigation Measures","volume":"22","author":"McGee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor2546-011","article-title":"Wildfire Risk and Its Perception in Kabylia (Algeria)","volume":"11","author":"Sahar","year":"2018","journal-title":"iForest-Biogeosci. For."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.104005","article-title":"Risk Perceptions and Mitigation Behaviors of Residents Following a Near-Miss Wildfire","volume":"207","author":"Larsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palaiologou, P., Kalabokidis, K., Troumbis, A., Day, M.A., Nielsen-Pincus, M., and Ager, A.A. (2021). Socio-Ecological Perceptions of Wildfire Management and Effects in Greece. Fire, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/fire4020018"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101370","article-title":"Uncovering the Perception Regarding Wildfires of Residents with Different Characteristics","volume":"43","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor0817-006","article-title":"Perceptions of Forest Experts on Climate Change and Fire Management in European Mediterranean Forests","volume":"7","author":"Raftoyannis","year":"2014","journal-title":"iForest-Biogeosci. For."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2020.00075","article-title":"Cognitive Maps Reveal Diverse Perceptions of How Prescribed Fire Affects Forests and Communities","volume":"3","author":"Hamilton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. For. Glob. Chang."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"29","article-title":"Explore Inhabitants\u2019 Perceptions of Wildfire and Mitigation Behaviours in the Cerrado Biome, a Fire-Prone Area of Brazil","volume":"41","author":"Santopuoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Silvic. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Ellison, A., Huber-Stearns, H., Frederick, S., Coughlan, M.R., McCaffrey, S., and Olsen, C.S. (2021). Perceptions of Wildland Fire Smoke: Literature Review and Synthesis, Ecosystem Workforce Program."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"23","article-title":"Public Perception of Forest and Fire Management Policy in Portugal","volume":"3389","author":"Rocha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indep. Study Proj. Collect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115176","article-title":"Exploring Relationships between Perceived Suppression Capabilities and Resident Performance of Wildfire Mitigations","volume":"316","author":"Stasiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carballo-Leyenda, B., Villa-Vicente, J.G., Delogu, G.M., Rodr\u00edguez-Marroyo, J.A., and Molina-Terr\u00e9n, D.M. (2022). Perceptions of Heat Stress, Heat Strain and Mitigation Practices in Wildfire Suppression across Southern Europe and Latin America. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912288"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103449","article-title":"Australian Firefighters Perceptions of Heat Stress, Fatigue and Recovery Practices during Fire-Fighting Tasks in Extreme Environments","volume":"95","author":"Fullagar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Damien, C.E. (2019). Firefighters\u2019 Perception of Leadership Behaviors on Their Psychological Well-Being: A Case Study. [Ph.D. Thesis, Concordia University\u2014College of Education]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-1169.0563.2641","article-title":"Pain, Health Perception and Sleep: Impact on the Quality of Life of Firefighters\/Rescue Professionals","volume":"23","author":"Marconato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Lat. Am. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, T., Dias, I., Santos, J., Bustos, D., and Guedes, J.C. (2021, January 28\u201329). Firefighters Occupational Exposure Assessment: A Systematic Literature Review. Proceedings of the Doctoral Congress in Engineering, OMP\/PKK, Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.24840\/978-972-752-279-8_0021-0030"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, D.X. (2018). Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra.","DOI":"10.14195\/978-989-26-16-506"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spano, G., Elia, M., Cappelluti, O., Colangelo, G., Giannico, V., D\u2019este, M., Lafortezza, R., and Sanesi, G. (2021). Is Experience the Best Teacher? Knowledge, Perceptions, and Awareness of Wildfire Risk. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168385"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Xavier Viegas, D. (2013). Are Extreme Forest Fires the New Normal?. Conversation, 9."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Hagelberg, N. (2022, December 09). Are \u201cMegafires\u201d the New Normal?. Available online: https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/are-megafires-new-normal."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012001","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5295\/ac6e7d","article-title":"Extreme Weather Impacts of Climate Change: An Attribution Perspective","volume":"1","author":"Clarke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Clim."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Alves, H., and Wilson, J. (2022, December 09). Wildfires Scorch Parts of Europe Amid Extreme Heat Wave. Available online: https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/world-nation\/story\/2022-07-13\/wildfires-scorch-parts-of-europe-amid-extreme-heat-wave."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Carrington, D. (2022, December 09). Spain and Portugal Suffering Driest Climate for 1200 Years, Research Shows. Available online: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2022\/jul\/04\/spain-and-portugal-suffering-driest-climate-for-1200-years-research-shows."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"32","article-title":"Designing A Questionnaire","volume":"1","author":"Ng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malays. Fam. Physician Off. J. Acad. Fam. Physicians Malays."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"37","article-title":"How to Design and Create an Effective Survey\/Questionnaire; A Step by Step Guide","volume":"5","author":"Taherdoost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Acad. Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Bhandari, P. (2022, December 09). Questionnaire Design|Methods, Question Types & Examples. Available online: https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/questionnaire\/."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"2TOT2","article-title":"Analyzing Likert Data","volume":"50","author":"Boone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ext."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2004.02012.x","article-title":"Likert Scales: How to (Ab) Use Them?","volume":"38","author":"Jamieson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor1279-007","article-title":"Wildfires in Algeria: Problems and Challenges","volume":"8","year":"2015","journal-title":"iForest-Biogeosci. For."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Bassi, S., and Kettunen, M. (2008). Forest Fires: Causes and Contributing Factors in Europe, EPRS."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"OSHA (2023, March 05). Oregon Occupational Safety and Health: Advancing and Improving Workplace Safety and Health for All Workers in Oregon, Available online: https:\/\/osha.oregon.gov\/Pages\/index.aspx."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Elmer, J. (2023, March 05). Anxiety Can Cause Shortness of Breath and What You Can Do. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/shortness-of-breath-anxiety."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0533-4","article-title":"A Classification of Response Scale Characteristics That Affect Data Quality: A Literature Review","volume":"52","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Sauro, J. (2023, March 05). Is a Three-Point Scale Good Enough?. Available online: https:\/\/measuringu.com\/three-points\/."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Sampaio, G. (2023, January 23). Organograma Das 52 Entidades Que \u201cControlam Os Inc\u00eandios Em Portugal\u201d Tem Fundamento? N\u00e3o Passa de Uma Extrapola\u00e7\u00e3o Grosseira. Available online: https:\/\/poligrafo.sapo.pt\/fact-check\/organograma-das-52-entidades-que-controlam-os-incendios-em-portugal-tem-fundamento-nao-passa-de-uma-extrapolacao-grosseira."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Newman, M. (1974). Toward a Common Language for Aerial Delivery Mechanics. Fire Control Notes, 18\u201319."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzello, S.L. (2018). Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51727-8_261-1"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Alexander, M.E. (2000). Fire Behaviour as a Factor in Forest and Rural Fire Suppression, New Zealand Forest Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Statista (2023, January 23). Area Burned by Wildfires in Portugal from 2009 to 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1265367\/area-burned-by-wildfire-in-portugal\/."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"American Psychological Association (2022, December 09). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Available online: https:\/\/www.apa.org\/topics\/ptsd."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Cumberlandheights (2022, December 09). What Are the 17 Symptoms of PTSD?. Available online: https:\/\/www.cumberlandheights.org\/blogs\/17-symptoms-of-ptsd\/."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.06.005","article-title":"A Wildfire Risk Management Concept Based on a Social-Ecological Approach in the European Union: Fire Smart Territory","volume":"18","author":"Tedim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Tedim, F., Leone, V., and Xanthopoulos, G. (2015, January 20\u201324). Wildfire Risk Management in Europe. the Challenge of Seeing the \u201cForest\u201d and Not Just the \u201cTrees\u201d. Proceedings of the 13th International Wildland Fire Safety Summit & 4th Human Dimensions of Wildland Fire, Managing Fire, Understanding Ourselves: Human Dimensions in Safety and Wildland Fire, Boise, ID, USA."}],"container-title":["Fire"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-6255\/6\/4\/133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:02:15Z","timestamp":1760122935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-6255\/6\/4\/133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["fire6040133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fire6040133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2571-6255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2571-6255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}}}