{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T23:02:05Z","timestamp":1768690925752,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]],"date-time":"2023-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fire"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aims to present a study approach for double-shear connections of wood under fire with dowel pins and plates in steel material, using different types of glulam. The simplified Eurocode equations for ambient temperature were used to determine the dimensions and the number of dowel pins that each studied connection needs in order to resist an applied tensile load. Following this methodology, the finite element method was used to assess the thermal analysis of the studied connections under fire. The study aims to increase the information on these connections, where the wood material represents a complicated behavior in fire circumstances, with the addition of the steel material. The heat conducted by the dowel pin inside the connection, and the steel plate and its effect on the wood were analyzed. According to the results, it can be assumed that the temperature evolution is due to the geometry of the connection, the dowel pin or plate position, and the glulam density. Inside the wood element, the temperature remains lower, and externally a charred depth is developed when the target temperature of 300 \u00b0C is reached, and, in the vicinity of the dowel pin or the steel plate, a burned wood depth is indirectly formed. The rate of the charred layer is not constant throughout the entire fire exposure. Steel-to-timber connections with an internal steel plate with high glulam density have greater fire resistance due to the lower temperatures obtained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fire6050193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:03:31Z","timestamp":1683511411000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["FEM Analysis of 3D Timber Connections Subjected to Fire: The Effect of Using Different Densities of Wood Combined with Steel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elza M. M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.994","article-title":"Experimental fire analysis of steel-to-timber connections using dowels and nails","volume":"34","author":"Frangi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fire Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, P.N., Fonseca, E.M.M., Campilho, R.D.S.G., and Piloto, P.A.G. (2021). Analytical Equations Applied to the Study of Steel Profiles under Fire According to Different Nominal Temperature-Time Curves. Math. Comput. Appl., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/mca26020048"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102150","article-title":"Numerical modelling of the fire resistance of double sheared steel-to-timber connections","volume":"37","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, C., Fonseca, E.M.M., and Lopes, H.M. (2022). Thermomechanical Analysis of Steel-to-Timber Connections under Fire and the Material Density Effect. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122010516"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, E.M.M., Leite, P.A.S., Silva, L.D.S., Silva, V.S.B., and Lopes, H.M. (2022). Parametric Study of Three Types of Timber Connections with Metal Fasteners Using Eurocode 5. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031701"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, R.J. (2010). Forest Products Laboratory USDA Forest Service. Wood Handbook\u2014Wood as an Engineering Material, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190.","DOI":"10.2737\/FPL-GTR-190"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"CEN (2008). Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures. Part 1-1: General Common Rules and Rules for Buildings (Standard No. EN1995-1-1)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Green, D.W., Winandy, J.E., and Kretschmann, D.E. (1999). Mechanical Properties of Wood, Book Wood Handbook, Chapter 4."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2022, November 02). Hasslacher Norica Timber, Glued Laminated Timber. The Engineering Timber Beam, Germany. Available online: https:\/\/www.hess-timber.com\/en\/products\/glued-laminated-timber\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"CEN (2005). Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures\u2014Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. Part 1-1: General Rules (Standard No. EN1993-1-1)."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2478\/cee-2014-0011","article-title":"Load Carrying Capacity of Metal Dowel Type Connections of Timber Structures","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"Civ. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porteous, J.A. (2007). Kermani, Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5, Blackwell Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470697818"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piloto, P.A.G., Rodrigues, J.P., and Silva, V.P. (2019). Advances in Fire Safety Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36240-9"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"CEN (2004). Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures. Part 1-2: General Structural Fire Design (Standard No. EN1995-1-2)."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"CEN (2005). Eurocode 3: Structural Fire Design. Part 1-2: General Rules (Standard No. EN1993-1-2)."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"ANSYS (2020). Reference Manual, ANSYS."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"CEN (2010). Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures. Part 1-2: Structural Fire Design (Standard No. EN1991-1-2)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/0734904119884706","article-title":"Numerical model to predict the effect of wood density in wood\u2013steel\u2013wood connections with and without passive protection under fire","volume":"38","author":"Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fire Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harman, A.K., and Lawson, J.R. (2007). A Study of Metal Truss Plate Connectors When Exposed to Fire.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.7393"}],"container-title":["Fire"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-6255\/6\/5\/193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:30:53Z","timestamp":1760124653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-6255\/6\/5\/193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["fire6050193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fire6050193","relation":{},"ISSN":["2571-6255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2571-6255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]}}}