{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T07:56:47Z","timestamp":1773302207957,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIF\/SSO\/0054\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/SSO\/0054\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fire"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leaders are crucial to ensuring the well-being of their subordinates. This study aims to understand the effects of two leadership styles (empowering vs. directive) on subordinates\u2019 well-being in an emergency situation (i.e., rural fire). A simulation study was conducted with two experimental conditions (empowering vs. directive leadership), and the subordinates\u2019 stress levels were measured before and after the simulated episode. Contrary to expectations, empowering leadership had no significant effect on subordinates\u2019 stress levels, while directive leadership contributed to reducing them. As expected, this effect was stronger for the subordinates with higher levels of stress prior to the simulated episode.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fire6060233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T01:59:07Z","timestamp":1686535147000},"page":"233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effect of Leadership Style on Firefighters Well-Being during an Emergency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7730-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Curral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICPsi, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2015-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICPsi, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1578-1773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Fire Service School, 2710-689 Sintra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3661-2386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Fire Service School, 2710-689 Sintra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6588-7034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Chambel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICPsi, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.4.2.131","article-title":"Exposure to traumatic incidents and prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in urban firefighters in two countries","volume":"4","author":"Corneil","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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