{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:45:51Z","timestamp":1759970751077,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology\u2019s (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/ECI-CON\/2240\/2020","UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-CON\/2240\/2020","UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fire"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents investigations concerning the thermal firebrand reaction due to its accumulation in the top of ceramic roof tiles, commonly applied to the exterior of dwellings in southern Europe. A large-scale fire experiment is conducted, wherein firebrands are placed above the tiles and temperature readings are taken from multiple layers of the building components. The selection of materials for the roof layer assembly was based on recommendations for either fire resistance or high temperature behaviour. The test follows the fire setup recommended in the California Building Code for firebrand deposition. This investigation will allow for a more accurate verification of the firebrand reaction in the roof, including the type of ignition, the creation of smoke and droplets, and even their mechanical ability to withstand elevated temperatures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fire8020055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T04:36:18Z","timestamp":1738125378000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thermal Effect of Firebrand Accumulation in Ceramic Roof Tiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7779-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Zitouni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, IST-ID (Associa\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento), 1000-043 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4140-2204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio Rui","family":"Tiago Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNEC (Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil), 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2017.05.019","article-title":"Experimental investigation of wood decking assemblies exposed to firebrand showers","volume":"92","author":"Manzello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fire Saf. 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