{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T19:10:45Z","timestamp":1773688245940,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.01896.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.01896.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fire"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the physical interactions and between forest fires and the atmosphere, which often lead to conditions favourable to instability and the formation of pyrocumulus (PyCu). Using the coupled atmosphere\u2013fire spread modelling framework, WRF-SFIRE, the Portuguese October 2017 Quiaios wildfire, in association with tropical cyclone Ophelia, was simulated. Fire spread was imposed via burnt area data, and the fire\u2019s influence on the vertical and surface atmosphere was analysed. Simulated local atmospheric conditions were influenced by warm and dry air advection near the surface, and moist air in mid to high levels, displaying an inverted \u201cV\u201d profile in thermodynamic diagrams. These conditions created a near-neutrally unstable atmospheric layer in the first 3000 m, associated with a low-level jet above 1000 m. Results showed that vertical wind shear tilted the plume, resulting in an intermittent, high-based, shallow pyroconvection, in a zero convective available potential energy environment (CAPE). Lifted parcels from the fire lost their buoyancy shortly after condensation, and the presence of PyCu was governed by the energy output from the fire and its updrafts. Clouds formed above the lifted condensation level (LCL) as moisture fluxes from the surface and released from combustion were lifted along the fire plume. Clouds were primarily composed of liquid water (1 g\/kg) with smaller traces of ice, graupel, and snow (up to 0.15 g\/kg). The representation of pyroconvective dynamics via coupled models is the cornerstone of understanding the phenomena and field applications as the computation capability increases and provides firefighters with real time extreme fire conditions or predicting ahead of time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fire8040153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T05:28:07Z","timestamp":1744262887000},"page":"153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Coupled Atmosphere\u2013Fire Modelling of Pyroconvective Activity in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1670-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Vaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7422-3288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3521-7026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Cardoso Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5643-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SMHI FoUmmk, 601 76 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9306-5142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4940-6522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Meteorological Society (2025, March 26). 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