{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:47:07Z","timestamp":1763729227823,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fire"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main goal of this work is to analyse the thermo-mechanical effect in single shear dowelled timber connections under fire conditions. This research includes the development of numerical models using the finite element method. The numerical methodology was validated using previously published experimental and numerical data. New models were developed to evaluate the temperature evolution, charring rate, and load-bearing capacity of the connections throughout exposure to fire. The calculations based on Eurocode 5 are conservative in the dimensioning of connections at room temperature but have less impact on the design of fire resistance, as they do not consider factors such as geometric parameters or passive protection influence on structural performance. Finally, based on the results obtained, two useful design equations are proposed, allowing the calculation of the load-bearing capacity of single shear timber connections, with or without protection, as a function of fire exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fire8090365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T14:31:41Z","timestamp":1758033101000},"page":"365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Dowelled Timber Connections in Single Shear with the Char Layer Calculation Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Campos","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elza M. M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2013.01.007","article-title":"Thermo-mechanical behaviour of timber-to-timber connections exposed to fire","volume":"56","author":"Audebert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2022.103646","article-title":"Probabilistic model for determining the failure time of steel-to-timber connections with multiple dowel-type fasteners exposed to fire","volume":"133","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fire Saf. 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The behaviour of timber in fire including the decay phase\u2014Charring rates, char recession and smouldering. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Structures in Fire (SiF2020), Brisbane, Australia.","DOI":"10.14264\/96c0db4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00fabravsk\u00e1, K., Ku\u010derov\u00e1, V., \u0160tefkov\u00e1, J., and Mi\u0161\u00edkov\u00e1, O. (2024). Charring of and Chemical Changes in Historical Wood under Thermal Loading. Forests, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/f15071189"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-012-2489-x","article-title":"Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition","volume":"111","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. 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A Study of Metal Truss Plate Connectors When Exposed to Fire, NISTIR 739.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.7393"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.3801\/IAFSS.FSS.10-1207","article-title":"On the Fire Performance of Double-shear Timber Connections","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fire Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2017.12.001","article-title":"Modelling the fire resistance of steel-to-timber dowelled connections loaded perpendicularly to the grain","volume":"107","author":"Palma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."}],"container-title":["Fire"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-6255\/8\/9\/365\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:34:30Z","timestamp":1763728470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-6255\/8\/9\/365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["fire8090365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fire8090365","relation":{},"ISSN":["2571-6255"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2571-6255"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]}}}