{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T12:00:38Z","timestamp":1772452838239,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund"},{"name":"European Union through the Interreg Sudoe program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.11960.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11960.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025.05550.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025.05550.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025.05886.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025.05886.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fire"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2025 fire season in Portugal was marked by large fires, underscoring the vulnerability of the forested areas to fire. The study analyzes the main meteorological conditions during a critical period of fire activity and addresses the following question: Why can the northeast (NE) weather pattern be so critical for fire danger in Portugal? Fire severity in the Arouca wildfire, the largest fire of the period, was estimated using a methodology that integrates foundation vision models with computer vision algorithms. ECMWF analyses and convection-permitting Meso-NH simulations are used to examine large-scale circulation and the mesoscale environment, respectively. Synoptic-scale analysis revealed the Azores anticyclone centered slightly northwest of the Iberian Peninsula (IP), with its eastern sector directly affecting the northern IP under north\/northeast winds. The hectometric-scale simulation demonstrated that orographically enhanced wind gusts over the northern Portuguese mountains substantially intensified near-surface fire-weather conditions when the winds were nearly easterly. Furthermore, strong low-level winds and atmospheric stability constrained vertical plume growth, favoring horizontal smoke transport. In addition, the study highlights that Arouca\u2019s fire had 88% of its area affected with moderate to high severity. Overall, the results demonstrate that the interaction between large-scale NE circulation and local orography plays a decisive role in amplifying fire danger in northern Portugal, emphasizing the need for high-resolution atmospheric modeling to identify fire-prone regions under specific synoptic patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fire9030111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1772447074000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical Investigation of Surface\u2013Atmosphere Interaction and Fire Danger in Northern Portugal: Insights into the Wildfires on July 29, 2025"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0175-2100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio Tiago","family":"Couto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy (CREATE), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rom\u00e3o Ramalho Street, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (ECT), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rom\u00e3o Ramalho Street, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1458-3732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy (CREATE), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rom\u00e3o Ramalho Street, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4228-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico Javier","family":"Beron de la Puente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geograf\u00eda y Turismo, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"},{"name":"Visi\u00f3n Computacional Multidimensional (ViCoM), Instituto de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda de la Computaci\u00f3n (ICIC), CONICET-UNS, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Paulo V\u00edtor de Albuquerque","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Macei\u00f3 57072-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0698-2100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Nunes","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Oceanologia, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida It\u00e1lia, Km 8, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Katyelle Ferreira da Silva","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4211-8667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy (CREATE), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rom\u00e3o Ramalho Street, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Doctorate Program in Tourism, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Hist\u00f3ria, Culturas e Sociedades (CIDEHUS), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8680-1244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippe Lemos Maia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy (CREATE), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rom\u00e3o Ramalho Street, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Natalia Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Revollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visi\u00f3n Computacional Multidimensional (ViCoM), Instituto de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda de la Computaci\u00f3n (ICIC), CONICET-UNS, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y de Computadoras, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4881-5810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Becker","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Cap\u00e3o do Le\u00e3o 96160-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1311-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy (CREATE), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rom\u00e3o Ramalho Street, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (ECT), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rom\u00e3o Ramalho Street, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, P., Silva, \u00c1.P., Viegas, D.X., Almeida, M., Raposo, J., and Ribeiro, L.M. 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