{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:36:45Z","timestamp":1774053405629,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["2022.06587.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.06587.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UI\/BD\/150905\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150905\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2022.06587.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.06587.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UI\/BD\/150905\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150905\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fishes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Replacing traditional agricultural ingredients with biotechnologically improved agro-industry by-products in fish diets promotes sustainable aquaculture, reduces production costs and carbon footprint, and promotes a circular economy. Brewer\u2019s spent grain (BSG) is one such by-product. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) of BSG with Aspergillus ibericus enhances its nutritional value and digestibility for European seabass. The present study further evaluates the potential of dietary inclusion of BSG-SSF on growth performance, feed utilization, plasma metabolite profile, intermediary metabolism, and oxidative status of European seabass juveniles compared to the unfermented product. A practical diet (45% protein; 18% lipids) was tested against diets incorporating 10% or 20% of BSG or BSG-SSF, replacing plant-protein feedstuffs. Triplicate groups of European seabass juveniles (49 g initial weight) were fed for 10 weeks. Unfermented BSG (10% and 20%) reduced growth and feed efficiency. In comparison, the 20% BSG-SSF diet promoted growth and feed efficiency similar to the control group, while the 10% BSG-SSF diet surpassed the control diet. Whole-body protein content was unaffected, but lipid and energy content decreased with increasing BSG levels, regardless of fermentation. Plasma glucose and phospholipid levels and hepatic activities of glucokinase and malic enzymes decreased with increasing BSG, irrespective of fermentation. BSG-SSF incorporation increased plasma triglyceride levels and decreased hepatic transaminase activities but did not affect hepatic key enzyme activity of \u03b2-oxidation or lipogenesis. It also reduced antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, BSG negatively impacted growth performance, while BSG-SSF supported inclusion levels up to 20% without performance loss. Further, the 10% BSG -SSF diet outperformed the control diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes10020049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T07:54:08Z","timestamp":1738050848000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of Solid-Fermented Brewer\u2019s Spent Grain on Growth, Metabolism, and Oxidative Status of European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"T\u00e1ssia","family":"Estev\u00e3o-Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, Edif\u00edcio FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Biotecnia Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus \u00c1gua, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s\/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5144-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Moutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, Edif\u00edcio FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710\u2013057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Flatlantic, Rua do Aceiro s\/n, 3070-732 Praia de Mira, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710\u2013057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotecnia Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus \u00c1gua, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s\/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aires","family":"Oliva-Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, Edif\u00edcio FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, Edif\u00edcio FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022). World Food and Agriculture\u2014Statistical Yearbook 2022, FAO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-023-00734-9","article-title":"Circularity in Europe strengthens the sustainability of the global food system","volume":"4","author":"Simon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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