{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T02:58:15Z","timestamp":1774580295962,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTCD\/BIA-BMA\/28647\/2017, LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-028647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTCD\/BIA-BMA\/28647\/2017, LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-028647"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fishes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The vulnerability of early fish stages represents a critical bottleneck for fish recruitment; therefore, it is essential to understand how climate change affects their physiology for more sustainable management of fisheries. Here, we investigated the effects of warming (OW; +4 \u00b0C) and acidification (OA; \u0394pH = 0.5) on the heart and oxygen consumption rates, metabolic enzymatic machinery\u2014namely citrate synthase (CS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and \u00df-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD), of seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae (fifteen days after hatch). Oxygen consumption and heart rates showed a significant increase with rising temperature, but decreased with pCO2. Results revealed a significant increase of LDH activity with OW and a significant decrease of the aerobic potential (CS and HOAD activity) of larvae with OA. In contrast, under OA, the activity levels of the enzyme LDH and the LDH:CS ratio indicated an enhancement of anaerobic pathways. Although such a short-term metabolic strategy may eventually sustain the basic costs of maintenance, it might not be adequate under the future chronic ocean conditions. Given that the potential for adaptation to new forthcoming conditions is yet experimentally unaccounted for this species, future research is essential to accurately predict the physiological performance of this commercially important species under future ocean conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes5010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T09:50:33Z","timestamp":1576835433000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Seabream Larval Physiology under Ocean Warming and Acidification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Marta S.","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Faleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Pous\u00e3o-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. 5 de Outubro s\/n, 8700-305 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2801-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldeira, K., and Wickett, M.E. (2005). Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002671"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Field, C., Barros, V., Dokken, D., Mach, K., Mastrandrea, M., Bilir, T., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K., Estrada, Y., and Genova, R. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Ocean Systems, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. 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