{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T06:19:13Z","timestamp":1776233953301,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-480 01-0145-FEDER-007621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-480 01-0145-FEDER-007621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/130171\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/130171\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/114959\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/114959\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"North Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2017-89436-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2017-89436-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades (MICIUN)","award":["Programa Jose Castillejo CAS18\/00436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Programa Jose Castillejo CAS18\/00436"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fishes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated, for the first time, the integrated effects of dietary protein source and protein\/carbohydrate (P\/CH) ratio on gilthead seabream gut histomorphology, microbiota composition, digestive enzymes activity, and immunological and oxidative stress-related gene expressions. Four isolipidic diets: two fishmeal-based (FM) and two plant feedstuff (PF)-based diets, with P\/CH ratios of 50\/10 or 40\/20 each (FM-P50\/CH10; FM-P40\/CH20; PF-P50\/CH10; PF-P40\/CH20), were tested. PF-based diets lead to more histomorphological alterations than FM-based diets. P\/CH ratio had no relevant effect on gut histomorphology. Gut mucosa of fish fed PF-based diets presented a higher number of operational taxonomic units, and richness and diversity indices, while the P\/CH ratio did not affect those parameters. The \u03b1-amylase activity was lower in fish fed with PF-based diets and in fish fed the P40\/CH20 diets. Regarding the immune-related genes, only cyclooxygenase-2 was affected, being higher in fish fed the P50\/CH10 diets than the P40\/CH20 diets. Fish fed the FM-based diets presented higher expression of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase, while fish fed the P50\/CH10 diet had higher expression of superoxide dismutase. In conclusion, PF-based diets can compromise gut absorptive and digestive metabolism, but decreasing the dietary P\/CH ratio had little effect on the parameters measured.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7020059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T10:21:16Z","timestamp":1646648476000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of Dietary Plant Feedstuffs and Protein\/Carbohydrate Ratio on Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Gut Health and Functionality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2206-5430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Basto-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7862-2454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Garc\u00eda-Meil\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9852-2426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia R.","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6248-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Enes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aires","family":"Oliva-Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0863-9728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Encarnaci\u00f3n","family":"Capilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3072-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015","article-title":"Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects","volume":"285","author":"Tacon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2014.987209","article-title":"Feed matters: Satisfying the feed demand of aquaculture","volume":"23","author":"Tacon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. 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