{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T04:27:37Z","timestamp":1768624057538,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["UID\/MAR\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/MAR\/04292\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MAR2020","award":["MAR2020-02.05.01-FEAMP-0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAR2020-02.05.01-FEAMP-0013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fishes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The early host\u2013pathogen interaction between European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Betanodavirus was examined by using juvenile fish infected intramuscularly with RGNNV (red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus). The time course selected for sampling (0\u2013144 h post-infection (hpi)) covered the early stages of infection, with hematological, antioxidant and immunological responses examined. Early activation of the host\u2019s immune system was seen in the first few hours post-infection (6 to 9 hpi), as evidenced by an increase in tnf\u03b1, cd28 and c3 expression in the head kidney of infected fish. Most hematological parameters that were examined showed significant differences between sampling times, including differences in the number of thrombocytes and various leukocyte populations. The plasma lysozyme concentration decreased significantly over the course of the trial, and most antioxidant parameters examined in the liver showed significant differences over the infection period. At 144 hpi, peak expression of tnf\u03b1 and il-1\u03b2 coincided with the appearance of disease symptoms, peak levels of virus in the brain and high levels of fish mortality. The results of the study show the importance of analyzing the early interactions between European seabass and Betanodavirus to establish early indicators of infection to prevent more severe outcomes of the infection from occurring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7020063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T12:58:36Z","timestamp":1647003516000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Early Immune Modulation in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles in Response to Betanodavirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Vaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edif\u00edcio CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Damiana","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edif\u00edcio CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edif\u00edcio CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7995-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edif\u00edcio CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1397-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Pombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edif\u00edcio CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Campus 4\u2014Rua do Conhecimento no 4, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"do Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edif\u00edcio CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edif\u00edcio CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Janina Z.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim D.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1168-7461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edif\u00edcio CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Campus 4\u2014Rua do Conhecimento no 4, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2021.04.001","article-title":"VNN disease and status of breeding for resistance to NNV in aquaculture","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac. Fish."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Band\u00edn, I., and Souto, S. (2020). Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020106"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050170203","article-title":"The 7th ICTV Report","volume":"146","author":"Fauquet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. 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