{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:08:50Z","timestamp":1760144930388,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INOVAQUA\u2014Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, diversifica\u00e7\u00e3o e desenvolvimento da aquacultura em Portugal","award":["MAR-021.1.3-FEAMPA-00004","MAR-021.1.3-FEAMPA-00018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAR-021.1.3-FEAMPA-00004","MAR-021.1.3-FEAMPA-00018"]}]},{"name":"SA\u00daDE&amp;AQUA II\u2014Preven\u00e7\u00e3o e bem-estar em aquacultura marinha: Apoio \u00e0 identifica\u00e7\u00e3o e controlo de pat\u00f3genos em aquacultura","award":["MAR-021.1.3-FEAMPA-00004","MAR-021.1.3-FEAMPA-00018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAR-021.1.3-FEAMPA-00004","MAR-021.1.3-FEAMPA-00018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fishes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding and controlling reproductive cycles and gonad maturation in cultivated species are crucial in aquaculture. The sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, known for its edible gonads, requires careful maturation control for both reproduction and commercialization. This study explores the impact of temperature, photoperiod, and diet on gonad development to enhance year-round aquaculture practices. Using two independent cultivation systems, we manipulated environmental conditions to mimic different seasons. Sea urchins were exposed to natural or manipulated temperature and photoperiod conditions and fed either natural (Ulva spp.) or formulated diets. The gonadosomatic index (GI) and histological analysis were used to assess gonad development. The results revealed a clear correlation between environmental conditions, diet, and gonad maturation. Manipulated conditions accelerated maturation, with sea urchins showing advanced stages compared to natural conditions. Furthermore, sea urchins fed formulated diets exhibited higher GI values, indicating enhanced maturation. Histological analysis confirmed accelerated maturation, particularly in females. This study underscores the feasibility of controlling gonad maturation through environmental manipulation and diet, enabling year-round marketable gonad production. Providing formulated diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, notably docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), enhances the commercial value of sea urchins. These findings optimize aquaculture practices for P. lividus, highlighting its adaptability to the maximal production of gonads throughout the year.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes9060207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T03:51:45Z","timestamp":1717386705000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Histological Evaluation of Purple Sea Urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) Gonads: Influence of Temperature, Photoperiod Regimes, and Diets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, 8700-215 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7310-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Gamboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, 8700-215 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3915-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Choulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, 8700-215 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"FCT-Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Candeias-Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, 8700-215 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Cabrita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6746-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pous\u00e3o-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, 8700-215 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florbela","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, 8700-215 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, N.P., and Eddy, S.D. (2015). Use and Exploitation of Sea Urchins. Echinoderm Aquaculture, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119005810"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2011.10.037","article-title":"Effects of dietary microalgae on growth, survival and fatty acidcomposition of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus throughout larval development","volume":"324","author":"Carboni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9309(01)80013-2","article-title":"Ecology of Paracentrotus lividus, in: Lawrence, J.M. (Ed.) Edible sea urchins: Biology and ecology","volume":"32","author":"Boudouresque","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Aquac. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"167","article-title":"Analyses des fluctuations des indices physiologiques chez deux khinoides (Paracentrotus lividus (Lmk) et Arbacia lixula L.) du Golfe de Marseille","volume":"9","year":"1979","journal-title":"Thkthys"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01313269","article-title":"Annual reproductive cycles of the commercial sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus from an exposed intertidal and a sheltered subtidal habitat on the west coast of Ireland","volume":"104","author":"Byrne","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270100543","article-title":"Quantifying behavioural determinants of the coastal European sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus","volume":"138","author":"Barnes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2012.03219.x","article-title":"The development of a formulated feed containing Ulva (Chlorophyta) to promote rapid growth and enhanced production of high quality roe in the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus)","volume":"45","author":"Cyrus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"22","article-title":"Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de larvas e juvenis de ouri\u00e7os-do-mar (Paracentrotus lividus) na esta\u00e7\u00e3o piloto de piscicultura de Olh\u00e3o (EPPO)","volume":"2","author":"Mendes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Relat. Cient. T\u00e9c. IPMA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.15406\/jamb.2020.09.00297","article-title":"Growth, survival and fatty acids profile of sea urchins, Paracentrotus lividus juveniles fed with Ulva spp. and maize in aquaculture production. First results using G1 generation in Portugal","volume":"9","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aquac. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735487","article-title":"The effect of temperature on somatic and gonad development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)","volume":"528","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13063","article-title":"Formulation of a new sustainable feed from food industry discards for rearing the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus","volume":"26","author":"Ciriminna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquacult. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/ivb.12238","article-title":"Reproductive cycle of the commercially harvested sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) along the western coast of Portugal","volume":"138","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invertebr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14051","article-title":"Effect of three diets on the gametogenic development and fatty acid profile of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) gonads","volume":"50","author":"Raposo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vafidis, D., Antoniadou, C., and Kyriakouli, K. (2019). Reproductive Cycle of the Edible Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidae) in the Aegean Sea. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11051029"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1072","article-title":"An experimental assessment on the effects of photoperiod treatments on the somatic and gonad growth of the juvenile European purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus","volume":"41","author":"McCarron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aqua. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531540705521X","article-title":"Reproductive biology of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in two contrasting habitats of northern Tunisia (south-east Mediterranean)","volume":"87","author":"Sellem","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Ass."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cyrus, M., Bolton, J., Scholtz, R., and Macey, B. (2014). The advantages of Ulva (Chlorophyta) as an additive in sea urchin formulated feeds: Effects on palatability, consumption and digestibility. Aquac. Nutr., 21.","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12182"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.15406\/jamb.2023.12.00351","article-title":"The effect of a formulated feed on the body growth and gonads quality of purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) aquaculture produced","volume":"12","author":"Loureiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Aquac. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"972","article-title":"Protein and energy digestibility and gonad development of the European sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) fed algal and prepared diets during spring and fall Aquac","volume":"36","author":"Schlosser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39912-w","article-title":"The effect of sex, season and gametogenic cycle on gonad yield, biochemical composition and quality traits of Paracentrotus lividus along the North Atlantic coast of Portugal","volume":"28","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"102343","article-title":"Morphometric relationships, relative growth and roe yield of the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) from the Portuguese coast, Reg","volume":"52","author":"Nicolau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531540999110X","article-title":"Reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in the Cantabrian Sea (northern Spain): Environmental effects","volume":"90","author":"Cerio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5393","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-05271-2","article-title":"Reproductive Cycle of Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) from the South Coast of Morocco: Histology, Gonads Index, and Size at First Sexual Maturity","volume":"46","author":"Ouchene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2","article-title":"Temporal variability of spawning in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus from northern Spain","volume":"23","author":"Carrasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"171","article-title":"Structure des populations de Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) soumises \u00e0 la p\u00eache sur les c\u00f4tes Nord de Bretagne","volume":"39","author":"Allain","year":"1975","journal-title":"Rev. Trav. Inst. P\u00each. Marit."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-010-1607-1","article-title":"Geographic, population, and seasonal patterns in the reproductive parameters of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus","volume":"158","author":"Freire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"129","article-title":"\u00c9tude de la variabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019indice gonadique de l\u2019oursin comestible Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) en Mediterran\u00e9e nord-occidental","volume":"45","author":"Guetaff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vie Milieu"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3354\/meps152145","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in a lagoonal environment","volume":"152","author":"Fernandez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/07924259.1998.9652355","article-title":"Reproductive cycle of the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus","volume":"34","author":"Spirlet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invertebr. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736589","article-title":"Somatic growth and gonad development of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) fed with diets of different ingredient sources","volume":"539","author":"Cunha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"745","article-title":"Reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) from the Moroccan western Mediterranean Sea: Histology, gonad index and size at first sexual maturity","volume":"27","author":"Khaili","year":"2023","journal-title":"EJABF"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"27","article-title":"Long-term maintenance of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in culture","volume":"7","author":"Cirino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."}],"container-title":["Fishes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2410-3888\/9\/6\/207\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:52:14Z","timestamp":1760107934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2410-3888\/9\/6\/207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["fishes9060207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fishes9060207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2410-3888"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2410-3888"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}}}