{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:54:35Z","timestamp":1777661675937,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/150902\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150902\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fishes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aquaculture production has been growing consistently over the last few decades to meet the increasing animal protein demand of the human population. However, increased production and rearing intensities raise the challenges of guaranteeing fish health and welfare, which is essential to avoid losses and ensure product quality. Biomarkers can provide insights into the fish\u2019s nutritional, physiological, and health status, and aid in the evaluation of early nutritional and physiological imbalances, distress conditions, and pathological diagnosis. The discovery and validation of biomarkers rely mostly on the use of information provided by different parameters, including biochemical, metabolic, or immunologic, as well as several omics, from genomics and transcriptomics to proteomics and metabolomics. In this review, a summary of the main biomarkers used in aquaculture is provided along with an overview of the main omics technologies available for further biomarker research. This review also highlights the need to develop non-lethal biomarkers that can easily and quickly be measured to provide a prompt response to producers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes9070289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T15:15:19Z","timestamp":1721402119000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Tracking Biomarkers for the Health and Welfare of Aquaculture Fish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7885-0262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMAR\/CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aires","family":"Oliva-Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMAR\/CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMAR\/CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Standing Commitee on Agricultural Research (2023). 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