{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T02:45:02Z","timestamp":1767494702142,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["952960","2022.13216.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["952960","2022.13216.BD"]}]},{"name":"\u201cFunda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u201d (FCT)","award":["952960","2022.13216.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["952960","2022.13216.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fluids"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on the development of a machine learning (ML) model to elaborate on predictions of structural damage in submerged structures due to ocean states and subsequently compares it to a real-life case of a 6-month experiment with a benthic lander bearing a multitude of sensors. The ML model uses wave parameters such as height, period and direction as input layers, which describe the ocean conditions, and strains in selected points of the lander structure as output layers. To streamline the dataset generation, a simplified approach was adopted, integrating analytical formulations based on Morison equations and numerical simulations through the Finite Element Method (FEM) of the designed lander. Subsequent validation involved Fluid\u2013Structure Interaction (FSI) simulations, using a 2D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based numerical wave tank of the entire ocean depth to access velocity profiles, and a restricted 3D CFD model incorporating the lander structure. A case study was conducted to empirically validate the simulated ML model, with the design and deployment of a benthic lander at 30 m depth. The lander was monitored using electrical and optical strain gauges. The strains measured during the testing period will provide empirical validation and may be used for extensive training of a more reliable model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids10010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T05:06:34Z","timestamp":1736226394000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predictive Analysis of Structural Damage in Submerged Structures: A Case Study Approach Using Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0329-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Br\u00e1s dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3453-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Mesquita","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago M. R. M.","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4520-3891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro J. S. C. P.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8620-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio F. F.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3326-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco L. P.","family":"Parente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4603-1032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMETHEUS, School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atl\u00e2ntico n\u00b0 644, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1792-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad\u00e9lio M. S.","family":"Cavadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMETHEUS, School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atl\u00e2ntico n\u00b0 644, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1127-2525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M. G. P.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P. (2023). 1\u2014AE health monitoring technique for composite wind turbine blade: A state-of-art review. Acoustic Emission Signal Analysis and Damage Mode Identification of Composite Wind Turbine Blades, Elsevier. 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